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Epidemiology Prospectus
STD Prevalence in Louisiana
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are transmitted through sexual contact, whether it be orally, vaginally, or rectally. STDs may fall into one of three categories: bacterial, viral, and parasitic. Although there are numerous STDs, the bacterial STDs, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia appear to be the most prevalent. STD testing appears to have begun as early as the late 19
th
century, with the discovery of gonococcus (gonorrhea) in gram stain cultures, by dermatologist and bacteriologist Albert Neisser (Ligon, 2005). Further testing was discovered in the early 20
th century by August Wassermann, a German bacteriologist and hygienist. He developed the Wassermann test, which was an antibody test for syphilis (Tampa et al., 2014). In 1928, penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming, and by the 1940s, was used as treatment for these bacterial STDs (Tan & Tatsumura, 2015). The number of STD cases in the
U.S. has risen significantly throughout the years. In the 1940s there were approximately 700,000 cases of STDs reported in the U.S., whereas in 2017 there were a reported 2.4 million cases nationwide (Pickering, 2019). For the purposes of this project we will focus on the prevalence of bacterial STDs in Louisiana.
Therefore, the question is what are the reasons behind the increasing cases of STDs in Louisiana? Our hypothesis is to identify the direct role of socio-economic factors such as education, resources, employment, community safety, and social support on the prevalence of STD. Socio-economic factors play a vital role in increasing STDs across Louisiana. Depending on the geographical location, there may not be enough testing centers or community programs in place. These are important aspects because treating and preventing unsafe sexual practices help to improve community safety. Furthermore, lack of employment and social support inhibit
2
people from testing, which can result in the spreading of disease. Therefore, we plan to analyze these factors to reduce the cases of STDs and improve the health of the people.
Literature used to answer the question and provide recommendations include:
An article from the U.S Department of Health & Human Services about Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s).
A report about Sexually Transmitted Infections National Strategic Plan for the United State for 2021-2025.
A report regarding the Louisiana STD/HIV Update from Louisiana LDH Office of Public
Health STD/HIV Program
A surveillance report from 2018 about STD/HIV from the State of Louisiana Department
of Health of Public Health
A report regarding Sexually Transmitted Disease by State from the National Council for Home Safety and Security
A Bespoke Surgical report regarding STD Rates, Awareness, & Education in Each State
An article discussing STD Prevention Policies in the United States: Evidence and Opportunities on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database
An article titled Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Policies in the United States Evidence and Opportunities by Journal of the American Sexually Transmitted Disease Association
An article from Inner body Research titled These States Have the Highest and Lowest STD Rate
The data from the literature will serve as evidence to the issue of sexually transmitted disease prevalence in the state of Louisiana. The data will allow us to pinpoint populations
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Related Questions
Name
Section
Table 34.1
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Disease
Infective
Mode(s) of
Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis and
Agent
Treatment
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
HPV
Herpes
(HSV-1 and
HSV-2)
HIV/AIDS
Trichomonas
Pubic Lice
112 Lab 34
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case analysis
45 yo male presents to ER with arm pain and rash He is a Gardener Symptoms started 2 weeks ago after landscaping Denies spider/insect bite Lesions slowly tracking up right forearm, moving up above elbow Some of the lesions are beginning to rupturePatient was diagnosed with____Infection, but ER physician also wants to cover cellulitis.He was discharged with prescription for Itraconazole and Clindamycin.10 days later……Patient returns to ER. Lesions are now “necrotic, raised, tender, ulcerated, locatedon the palmar aspect of right forearm and dorsal aspect of right forearm”. Patient is then admitted.It is discovered that patient only filled prescription for Clindamycin. He said he could not afford theItraconazole prescription.Physician collected fluid from pustules and also performed punch biopsies. ‐ Both were sent to labfor aerobic, anaerobic, fungal, and AFB cultures. ‐ CBC ‐Fungal antibodies.Laboratory results:CBC: ◦WBC 11.8 H (4.0‐10.0 K/uL) ◦RBC 5.04 (4.10‐5.80…
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Which of the following is NOT true about sexually transmissible Chlamydia infection?
None of the other four answers (all are true about sexually transmissible Chlamydia
infection)
Infection of females always remains localized on the cervix or in the urethra, with no
severe complications
O The form (life cycle stage) of Chlamydia transmitted from cell-to-cell or person-to-person
is the elementary body
The primary site of infection in males is usually the urethra
Most infections of females are asymptomatic
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۲:۱۱ ۱
ZAVO
41 | docs.google.com/forms/
The dimorphic fungi: *
Can exist as mold or yeast
Yeast form at 25 degree
Mold form at 37 degree
Dimorphism depends on mode of
reproduction
The acute phase of HIV infection: *
May last 6-10 years
The virus titer is low and antibody is
high
Detection of the antibody occur
before the viremia
During the window period, Ab is
absent but the virus is present in the
blood
O
I. 46 alfa
K/s
A
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all of the above.
is the most common STD in the United States.*
O Genital Herpes
HPV
О НРУ
Gonorrhea
O Trichomoniasis
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The CDC estimates 20 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIS) in the United States annually
half of which in people 15-24 years old. Match each disease in the to the causative pathogen.
Syphilis:
[ Choose ]
[Choose ]
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhea
Treponema pallidum
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Herpes simplex 2 (can also be HSV 1),
Chlamydia
[ Choose ]
Genital Herpes
[ Choose ]
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The most common sexually transmitted infection in the USA is trichomoniasis caused
by Trichomonas vaginalis.
True
False
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Fill in the chart.
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Match the following statements with the
correct infectious disease
meningitis
[ Choose ] v
shingles
[ Choose ] v
poliomyelitis
[ Choose ] v
encephalitis
[ Choose]
v
rabies
[Choose ] v
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Ovarian Cyst Case Study
On the 22nd of December 2010 a 14 year old Jamie Wilson woke up like any other day. She told her parents that she was experiencing very mild pain in her right left abdomen. Since it was not severe Jamie took an Advil and continued on with her day.
Last minute Christmas shopping took her and her parents into the city. The pain she felt in her side was returning and slowly becoming more and more intense. Her parents brushed it off as just regular aches and pains that growing girls experience.
With a sudden convulsion of extreme pain and a scream of pure agony her parents decided to take her to the hospital for a second look. By the time they reached the children’s hospital emergency doors Jamie could not even stand. The nausea had over taken her completely. Jamie’s parents carried her in and began the process of admitting her. As the nurse began to evaluate her, the nausea became too much for her and she began to vomit in the ER. The nurses immediately brought…
arrow_forward
pply the principle of double effect on this case study. Explain how each condition can be applied to this case.
A case of a poor 25-year-old Catholic Filipina pregnant mother primigravida who came to a Catholic hospital because of pallor, hypogastric pain, and vaginal spotting. Her past medical history was unremarkable and that persistence of sharp, stabbing hypogastric pain and vaginal spotting prompted her to go to the hospital. She works as a market vegetable vendor and her husband is a farmer. Upon physical examination, she was pale and there is a tender abdomen with slight muscle guarding. The pregnancy test revealed positive. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed a 4cm mass on the left fallopian tube. She was diagnosed to have an unruptured ectopic pregnancy on the fallopian tube. The physician called on the family and explained the status and the treatment options which include termination of pregnancy either by surgery or medical management by methotrexate. The…
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describe thorougly the symptoms of genitalia disorder - HIV/AIDS
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Complete the table below by giving a complete description of the following common viral infections in the oral cavity.
CLASSIFICATION
Viral Etiology
DNA or RNA Virus?
Oral signs & symptoms
Clinical
Picture
1. Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
2. Chickenpox
3. Infectious Mononucleosis
4. Herpangina
5. Hand, Foot & Mouth disease
6. Measles
7. Mumps
8. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
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Highlight the answer or write it in short sentences
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Clinical Case Study
Four generations of the DOE family live in the southeastern United States: 72 -year old grandmother Nancy, 44-year old father Chad, Chad's oldest daughter, Gina, 23 years old, and Gina's 18 month-old son Joseph. As a whole, the family has had no previous significant medical history, yet interfaces with their primary care physician and medical specialists throughout their lifespan for various conditions.
While laboratory analysis often involved the collection of routine blood and urine specimens, the cases in this chapter will highlight times when they needed other body fluids collected for diagnostic purposes.
1) Besides blood and urine, what are other body fluids that can be collected for diagnostic purposes?
2) Do you believe that there are body fluids that are only clinically relevant at certain time points in life? Or, instead, are the diagnostic utility of these fluids equal across the lifespan?
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*-* CASE ANALYSIS: CESTODES AND TREMATODES
Patient ID:
B.E, a 16 year old male from Bacacay, Albay. A Senior high student of Bicol University, Roman Catholic.
Chief compliant: Bloody stool
History of present illness:
3 months PTA the patient went swimming with his classmates during the Holidays to celebrate their admission in Bicol University. They went to a freshwater spring near their residence. They noticed after swimming, the presence of dermatitis, pruritis on their lower back and both lower extremities. The symptoms disappeared within 1 week so no consult or medication was done.
1 week PTA the patient experienced fever, myalgia, general malaise, fatigue, headache, nonproductive cough and abdominal pain. No skin manifestations were noted. The patient did not seek consult due to the COVID-19 pandemic and opt to self-isolate in his room and took 500 mg paracetamol 4 times in 24 hours but afforded temporary relief.
3 days PTA the patient experienced persistence of the above…
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Match the disease/organism to the description.
Genital Warts
| Choose |
[Choose]
Genital Herpes
Caused by Treponema pallidum and involves stages that can end with gummas, dementia, and aortic aneurysms.
This disease is caused by HPVland some strains can cause cervical cancer in women.
HIV
This disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomotis and results in a urethritis that presents as a waxy discharge.
Commonly referred to as "the clap" and causes urethritis with yellowish, white discharge.
Syphallis
This disease is characterized by a virus that infects CD4+ T cells, which eventually leads to an immunodeficiency syndrom
This disease is caused by HSV1 or 2 and is characterized by a latent period in the nerves at the base of the spine.
Gonorrhea
| Choose |
Nongonococcal Urethritis
| Choose J
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***CASE ANALYSIS: CESTODES AND TREMATODES
Patient ID:
B.E, a 16 year old male from Bacacay, Albay. A Senior high student of Bicol University, Roman Catholic.
Chief compliant: Bloody stool
History of present illness:
3 months PTA the patient went swimming with his classmates during the Holidays to celebrate their admission in Bicol University. They went to a freshwater spring near their residence. They noticed after swimming, the presence of dermatitis, pruritis on their lower back and both lower extremities. The symptoms disappeared within 1 week so no consult or medication was done.
1 week PTA the patient experienced fever, myalgia, general malaise, fatigue, headache, nonproductive cough and abdominal pain. No skin manifestations were noted. The patient did not seek consult due to the COVID-19 pandemic and opt to self-isolate in his room and took 500 mg paracetamol 4 times in 24 hours but afforded temporary relief.
3 days PTA the patient experienced persistence of the above…
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ANSWER IN YOUR OWN WORDS. AT LEAST 10 SENTENCES.
1. What are the similarities of the concepts/metaparadigms of Sister Callista Roy, Betty Neuman, Imogene King and Hildegard Peplau? Explain these similarities.
2. What are the diferrences of the concepts/metaparadigms of Sister Callista Roy, Betty Neuman, Imogene King and Hildegard Peplau? Discuss how it differs from others.
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****CASE ANALYSIS: CESTODES AND TREMATODES
Patient ID:
B.E, a 16 year old male from Bacacay, Albay. A Senior high student of Bicol University, Roman Catholic.
Chief compliant: Bloody stool
History of present illness:
3 months PTA the patient went swimming with his classmates during the Holidays to celebrate their admission in Bicol University. They went to a freshwater spring near their residence. They noticed after swimming, the presence of dermatitis, pruritis on their lower back and both lower extremities. The symptoms disappeared within 1 week so no consult or medication was done.
1 week PTA the patient experienced fever, myalgia, general malaise, fatigue, headache, nonproductive cough and abdominal pain. No skin manifestations were noted. The patient did not seek consult due to the COVID-19 pandemic and opt to self-isolate in his room and took 500 mg paracetamol 4 times in 24 hours but afforded temporary relief.
3 days PTA the patient experienced persistence of the above…
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What is the most likely cause of the patient's condition?
What is the most likely causative agent?
How did the patient contract the disease?
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Please see attached file
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8- need help with following. please be specifiy about answer
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*-** CASE ANALYSIS: CESTODES AND TREMATODES
Patient ID:
B.E, a 16 year old male from Bacacay, Albay. A Senior high student of Bicol University, Roman Catholic.
Chief compliant: Bloody stool
History of present illness:
3 months PTA the patient went swimming with his classmates during the Holidays to celebrate their admission in Bicol University. They went to a freshwater spring near their residence. They noticed after swimming, the presence of dermatitis, pruritis on their lower back and both lower extremities. The symptoms disappeared within 1 week so no consult or medication was done.
1 week PTA the patient experienced fever, myalgia, general malaise, fatigue, headache, nonproductive cough and abdominal pain. No skin manifestations were noted. The patient did not seek consult due to the COVID-19 pandemic and opt to self-isolate in his room and took 500 mg paracetamol 4 times in 24 hours but afforded temporary relief.
3 days PTA the patient experienced persistence of the above…
arrow_forward
DISEASE
PATHOGEN
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
1. Candidiasis
2. Bacterial Vaginosis
3. Trichomoniasis
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
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Related Questions
- Name Section Table 34.1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Disease Infective Mode(s) of Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis and Agent Treatment Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis HPV Herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2) HIV/AIDS Trichomonas Pubic Lice 112 Lab 34arrow_forwardcase analysis 45 yo male presents to ER with arm pain and rash He is a Gardener Symptoms started 2 weeks ago after landscaping Denies spider/insect bite Lesions slowly tracking up right forearm, moving up above elbow Some of the lesions are beginning to rupturePatient was diagnosed with____Infection, but ER physician also wants to cover cellulitis.He was discharged with prescription for Itraconazole and Clindamycin.10 days later……Patient returns to ER. Lesions are now “necrotic, raised, tender, ulcerated, locatedon the palmar aspect of right forearm and dorsal aspect of right forearm”. Patient is then admitted.It is discovered that patient only filled prescription for Clindamycin. He said he could not afford theItraconazole prescription.Physician collected fluid from pustules and also performed punch biopsies. ‐ Both were sent to labfor aerobic, anaerobic, fungal, and AFB cultures. ‐ CBC ‐Fungal antibodies.Laboratory results:CBC: ◦WBC 11.8 H (4.0‐10.0 K/uL) ◦RBC 5.04 (4.10‐5.80…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true about sexually transmissible Chlamydia infection? None of the other four answers (all are true about sexually transmissible Chlamydia infection) Infection of females always remains localized on the cervix or in the urethra, with no severe complications O The form (life cycle stage) of Chlamydia transmitted from cell-to-cell or person-to-person is the elementary body The primary site of infection in males is usually the urethra Most infections of females are asymptomaticarrow_forward
- ۲:۱۱ ۱ ZAVO 41 | docs.google.com/forms/ The dimorphic fungi: * Can exist as mold or yeast Yeast form at 25 degree Mold form at 37 degree Dimorphism depends on mode of reproduction The acute phase of HIV infection: * May last 6-10 years The virus titer is low and antibody is high Detection of the antibody occur before the viremia During the window period, Ab is absent but the virus is present in the blood O I. 46 alfa K/s Aarrow_forwardall of the above. is the most common STD in the United States.* O Genital Herpes HPV О НРУ Gonorrhea O Trichomoniasisarrow_forwardThe CDC estimates 20 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIS) in the United States annually half of which in people 15-24 years old. Match each disease in the to the causative pathogen. Syphilis: [ Choose ] [Choose ] Chlamydia trachomatis Gonorrhea Treponema pallidum Neisseria gonorrhoeae Herpes simplex 2 (can also be HSV 1), Chlamydia [ Choose ] Genital Herpes [ Choose ]arrow_forward
- The most common sexually transmitted infection in the USA is trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. True Falsearrow_forwardFill in the chart.arrow_forwardMatch the following statements with the correct infectious disease meningitis [ Choose ] v shingles [ Choose ] v poliomyelitis [ Choose ] v encephalitis [ Choose] v rabies [Choose ] varrow_forward
- Ovarian Cyst Case Study On the 22nd of December 2010 a 14 year old Jamie Wilson woke up like any other day. She told her parents that she was experiencing very mild pain in her right left abdomen. Since it was not severe Jamie took an Advil and continued on with her day. Last minute Christmas shopping took her and her parents into the city. The pain she felt in her side was returning and slowly becoming more and more intense. Her parents brushed it off as just regular aches and pains that growing girls experience. With a sudden convulsion of extreme pain and a scream of pure agony her parents decided to take her to the hospital for a second look. By the time they reached the children’s hospital emergency doors Jamie could not even stand. The nausea had over taken her completely. Jamie’s parents carried her in and began the process of admitting her. As the nurse began to evaluate her, the nausea became too much for her and she began to vomit in the ER. The nurses immediately brought…arrow_forwardpply the principle of double effect on this case study. Explain how each condition can be applied to this case. A case of a poor 25-year-old Catholic Filipina pregnant mother primigravida who came to a Catholic hospital because of pallor, hypogastric pain, and vaginal spotting. Her past medical history was unremarkable and that persistence of sharp, stabbing hypogastric pain and vaginal spotting prompted her to go to the hospital. She works as a market vegetable vendor and her husband is a farmer. Upon physical examination, she was pale and there is a tender abdomen with slight muscle guarding. The pregnancy test revealed positive. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed a 4cm mass on the left fallopian tube. She was diagnosed to have an unruptured ectopic pregnancy on the fallopian tube. The physician called on the family and explained the status and the treatment options which include termination of pregnancy either by surgery or medical management by methotrexate. The…arrow_forwarddescribe thorougly the symptoms of genitalia disorder - HIV/AIDSarrow_forward
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SEE MORE QUESTIONS
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Recommended textbooks for you
- Lifetime Physical Fitness & WellnessHealth & NutritionISBN:9781337677509Author:HOEGERPublisher:Cengage
Lifetime Physical Fitness & Wellness
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781337677509
Author:HOEGER
Publisher:Cengage