week 1 edapt notes

.docx

School

Chamberlain College of Nursing *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

507

Subject

Biology

Date

Jun 13, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by MinisterElectronDonkey40

EDAPT- Hypersensitivity Reactions 1. Hypersensitivity Reactions a. The immune system functions to eliminate pathogens from the body using various mechanisms. A pathogen is just simply a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease. These mechanisms typically create a localized inflammatory response that effectively eliminates the pathogen without minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Besides pathogens, individuals come into contact with numerous foreign antigens, such as plant pollen and food. Contact with these environmental antigens does not elicit an immune response in the majority of individuals. However, in certain predisposed individuals, the immune system can mount a response to these generally innocuous antigens, resulting in tissue damage that ranges from mild irritation to life- threatening anaphylactic shock. These immune responses are referred to as allergic reactions or hypersensitivity reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions can be divided into four categories, Type I to Type IV, distinguished by the cell types and effector molecules involved. 2. Contact Dermatitis is an example of Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction. a. Allergic contact dermatitis is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T-cells. When the individual comes in contact with the antigen (e.g. poison ivy), an antigen complex is formed. On subsequent exposure to the antigen, sensitized T-cells activate the inflammatory process that causes the allergic contact dermatitis to appear. 3. Anaphylaxis is a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. a. Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE and mast cells. An individual who is highly sensitized to the antigen may experience anaphylaxis. 4. Type 2 (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by: IgG or IgM . a. The Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgG or IgM. 5. Which of the following are considered the “first responders” of the innate immune system? Neutrophils a. Neutrophils appear first in any immune response. 6. Hives (urticaria) ar an example of a: Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction a. Hives (urticarial) are an example of a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction mediated by the antibody, IgE and mast cells. 7. Type 1: Allergic Reaction a. On initial encounter with an allergen, the individual will first produce IgE antibodies. After the allergen is cleared, the remaining IgE molecules will be bound by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils that contain receptors for the IgE molecules. This process is referred to as sensitization. On subsequent exposure to the allergen, the IgE molecules located on the sensitized cells induces their immediate degranulation. This causes the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins that results in vasodilation, bronchial smooth muscle contraction, and mucus production. Type I hypersensitivity reactions can be local or systemic. Systemic reactions can result in anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Allergic asthma is an example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. On exposure to certain allergens (typically inhaled), individuals with allergic asthma experience inflammation of the airways,

characterized by tissue swelling and excessive mucus production. This narrowing of the airways makes it difficult to breathe. i. Example of Allergic Asthma: 1. J.S. is a 64-year old female who presents to the primary care office with complaints of low back pain and burning on urination. She also indicates that she has been urinating frequently and has had to wear a pad because she also is experiencing urgency and she is afraid that she might “leak”. She tells the Nurse Practitioner (NP) that she suspects that she has a urinary tract infection (UTI). She reported that it has been at least 2 years since she had a UTI and was treated with an antibiotic but cannot remember its name. She denies any medication or food allergies. After conducting a thorough health history and physical exam, the NP diagnoses the patient with uncomplicated UTI and orders a course of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim DS). 2. The next day, J.S. returns to the office in a panic to report she has just taken her first dose of the medication about an hour ago. She began to feel anxious followed by wheezing in the chest and dizziness. She first called her daughter, who reminded her that she is allergic to sulfa drugs. J.S. is immediately examined by the NP. 3. The NP performs a thorough exam and finds the following: a. Subjective Findings : Anxious, Dizziness, Wheezing b. Objective Findings : red rash on chest and anterior neck, swelling around the right eye, wheezing with airflow throughout lung fields, bp 90/50, hr 112 4. When analyzing patient symptoms, the nurse practitioner (NP) relies on pathophysiology to explain the cause of the symptoms. Once the underlying reasons for the symptoms are identified, the NP can make an accurate diagnosis and select appropriate treatment. 5. Note that our patient is experiencing both localized symptoms (rash on chest and anterior neck and right eye swelling) and systemic symptoms (wheezing and hypotension). 6. The NP quickly identifies this as an allergic reaction and immediately asks the patient again, if she is aware of any prior allergies to medications. The patient tells the NP that her daughter reminded her that she is allergic to sulfa drugs. The Bactrim, in this case, is considered the allergen to which the patient has become sensitized from the last time she was treated for a UTI. 7. At the time that she became sensitized, the IgE antibodies attached to the cells that became sensitized and then at the time of further exposure, IgE caused the sensitized cells to degranulate. When degranulation occurs, inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins are released to produce several effects on the body. Vasodilation occurs which explains the patient’s hypotension, dizziness and rash).

8. At this point, inflammatory mediators are released. These include histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle also occurs, which explains her respiratory symptom of wheezing. Based on the localized and systemic symptoms, the NP can diagnose the patient with anaphylactic reaction, a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. 8. Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction a. Type II hypersensitivity reaction is tissue-specific and usually occurs as a result of haptens that cause an IgG antibody or IgM antibody mediated response. The antibodies are specifically directed to the antigen located on the cell membrane. A hapten is a small molecule that can cause an immune response when it attaches to a protein. Macrophages are the primary effector cells of Type II responses. Typical examples of Type II reactions are drug allergies, as well as allergies against infectious agents. The Type II response begins with the antibody binding to the antigen and may cause the following. i. The cell to be destroyed by the antibody ii. Cell destruction through phagocytosis by macrophages iii. Damage to the cell by neutrophils triggering phagocytosis iv. Natural killer cells to release toxic substances that destroy the target cell v. Malfunction of the cell without destruction b. Examples of type II reactions include drug allergies, hemolytic anemia, blood transfusion mismatch with resulting transfusion reaction and Rh hemolytic disease. i. Ex: Clinical Application of Delayed Hemolytic transfusion reaction 1. M.G., a 27-year old healthy female required a blood transfusion 4 hours post-partum after undergoing a C-section. Twenty-four hours later, she and her newborn were released from the hospital in good health. Approximately 1 week later, she came to the primary care office complaining of fever, chills, shortness of breath (dyspnea) and a backache. 2. The NP conducts an exam and the subjective and objective findings reveal the following: a. Subjective : fever, chills, shortness of breath, backache b. Objective : Fever 100.1, bp 100/64, pulse 110bpm, rr20/min, scleral icterus c. Lab work : hemoglobin 6.2, platelet and leukocyte count are normal, positive direct and indirect Coombs Test (revealed the presence of antibodies). 3. Once again, let’s rely on our knowledge of pathophysiology to explain why she is presenting with these symptoms. The NP notes that the only new occurrence with the patient was the blood transfusion that she received approximately a week ago post-partum. In delving deeper into the patient’s history, the NP learned that M.G. had a blood transfusion during her first C-section two years ago. This provides a great clue for the NP to consider the cause of M.G.’s current symptoms.

4. At the time of the first transfusion, M.G.’s RBC’s became sensitized. Upon the second transfusion two years later, IgG recognized the sensitized cells and initiated an immune response. In essence, IgG recognized the sensitized cells as non-self-antigens. The destruction of the RBCs resulted in her jaundice (scleral icterus), low hemoglobin level and fever. Treatment for a delayed hemolytic reaction will most likely require a blood transfusion that does not contain the antigen. Eventually, the mismatched blood is replaced with blood that is compatible with M.G.’s blood. 9. Type 3 Immune-Complex Reaction a. The Type III hypersensitivity reaction is also an antigen-antibody response. The major difference between Type II and Type III responses is that in a Type II response, the antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface, but in Type III responses, the antibody binds to the antigen in the blood or body fluids and then circulates to the tissue. Type III reactions are not organ specific and use neutrophils as the primary effector cell. In type III hypersensitivity reactions immune-complex deposition (ICD) causes autoimmune diseases, which is often a complication. As the disease progresses a more accumulation of immune-complexes occurs, and when the body becomes overloaded the complexes are deposited in the tissues and cause inflammation as the mononuclear phagocytes, erythrocytes, and complement system fail to remove immune complexes from the blood. One of the classic Type III reactions is serum sickness. i. Ex: Clinical Application of Serum Sickness 1. A young mother brings her 5-year old daughter to the primary care clinic with a fever of 102 degrees, swollen hands and knees, “achy” joints and a red rash on her legs. The NP remembers that she recently diagnosed the patient with strep throat and started her on Amoxicillin for 10 days. The mom confirms that she started the amoxicillin on the same day that her daughter was diagnosed and has been taking it for the last 7 days. Mom indicated that she stopped giving the patient the antibiotic yesterday for fear that she may be having a drug reaction. However, the presenting symptoms continue. Patient’s temperature in the office is 102 degrees. The NP diagnoses the patient with serum sickness. 2. The NP conducts an exam and the subjective and objective findings reveal the following: a. Subjective : fever, rash, generalized joint pain, swollen hands and feet. b. Objective : fever, non-blanching red rash, swollen fingers bilaterally, swollen knees bilaterally. 3. This patient presents with the classic symptoms of serum sickness. Immune complexes are formed in response to an antigen (amoxicillin) that has been taken into the body. These complexes deposit themselves into the vascular endothelium causing vasculitis and tissue injury as a

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Related Questions

production e. basis of secondary allergy immune response f. nonprotective immune response CRITICAL THINKING New research suggests a link between some microbes that normally live in the body and seemingly unrelated major illnesses. The gum disease called periodontitis itself is not life-threatening, for instance, but it is a fairly good predictor for heart attacks. Bacteria that cause gum disease can trigger inflammation. Thinking back to your reading in Chapter 7, how do you suppose that this response also may be harmful to the heart? 1.

1. In phagocytosis, the digestion of phagocytes is always complete 2. The second line of defense is a specific immune response that responds against a specific type (species or strain) of pathogen. 3. Eosinophils can phagocytize and this is their usual mode of attack. 4. The body’s initial line of defense is made up of chemicals, and processes that work together to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place. 5. In general, beta and gamma interferons are present early in viral infections, whereas alpha interferon appears somewhat later in the course of infection. 6. The second line of defense is chiefly composed of external physical barriers to pathogens, especially the skin and mucous membranes. 7. The chemicals involved assist phagocytic cells either by directly attacking pathogens or by enhancing other features of specific resistance. 8. The combination of the barrier function of the dermis including its continual replacement and the presence of phagocytic…

5. A patient receives a donor kidney to replace diseased kidney tissue. Consider and answer the following: B) list two similarities and two differences between response mechanisms of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells to the tissue graft in the absence of immune suppression.

1. What cells in the innate immunity are responsible for causing phagocytosis? Explain briefly and elaborate the cell involved. 2. What are the major cells involved in eliciting the actions of adaptive immunity? Explain briefly and elaborate the cells involved.

True or False 1. In phagocytosis, the digestion of phagocytes is always complete 2. The second line of defense is a specific immune response that responds against a specific type (species or strain) of pathogen. 3. Eosinophils can phagocytize and this is their usual mode of attack. 4. The body’s initial line of defense is made up of chemicals, and processes that work together to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place. 5. In general, beta and gamma interferons are present early in viral infections, whereas alpha interferon appears somewhat later in the course of infection. 6. The second line of defense is chiefly composed of external physical barriers to pathogens, especially the skin and mucous membranes. 7. The chemicals involved assist phagocytic cells either by directly attacking pathogens or by enhancing other features of specific resistance. 8. The combination of the barrier function of the dermis including its continual replacement and the presence of…

Identification: 1. When activated, Complement system will enhance the phagocytosis of phagocytes by what process? 2. Macrophages will present the antigen on its surface in what PATHWAY of antigen presentation? 3. Co-stimulation of both B and T cells will be facilitated by the release of what group of substance?

i. Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.

Answer it. Nursing The nurse is conducting a class on drugs for malignant tumors for a group of new oncology staff members. Which best describes the action of interferons in the management of malignant tumors?a )Interferons increase the production of specific anticancer enzymes.b) Interferons have antiviral and antitumor properties and strengthen the immune system.c) Interferons stimulate the production and activation of T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells.d )Interferons help improve the cell-killing action of T cells because they are retrieved from healthy donors

uple Choice. Write the letter of the correct response that best answers each question. 17. What type of immunity is responsible for agglutination of viruses? A. passive immunity B. cell mediated immunity C. nonspecific immunity D. antibody immunity 18. Which of the following best describes the immunity gained from a vaccine? A. nonspecific B. active C. passive D. artificial The din

13.Which is NOT an example of innate defense? 13.Which is NOT an example of innate defense? Note: This is a multiple question, choose the correct answer below: secretion of interferons The arrival of neutrophils in an area of injury a macrophage phagocytizing a bacterium an antibody that neutralizes an antigen secretion of interferons The arrival of neutrophils in an area of injury a macrophage phagocytizing a bacterium an antibody that neutralizes an antigen

C3 Why is C3 tested on all complement components? What are the three complement pathways used by the body? How is each activated? What are processes involved in each pathway that leads to cell lysis?

2. Plasma cells are which type of lymphocyte? Explain, No more than 3-6 sentences. A). T cells B). B cells

O antibodies. Question 6 Your patient is experiencing peripheral edema because of inflammation. A) Name the four signs of inflammation. B) Which capillary pressure would change AND which direction would you expect fluid to flow (in capillary OR out of capillary)? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt Paragraph v BIU. Question 7 11 Does a vaccine cause a B cell or T cell response and why? T² : V 0 words 10 pts 10 4) 11:37 A 12/16/2

Asap

Questio:- 1. Which one of the following is NOT associated with type IV hypersensitivity reaction? Select one: a. plays a crucial role in our body's ability to fight various intracellular pathogens b. Involves CD8+Tcells, CD4 TH1 cells, macrophages activation c. one of the mechanisms that causes tissue injury and disease in response to antigens d. antibody-mediated response e. Involves cytokine-mediated inflammation in tissue f. takes several days to develop

Give explanation answer...no need handwritten answer

State immunity 1) Distinguish between absolute immunity and restrictive immunity

5. IDENTIFY THE DESCRIPTIONS OF NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES OF THE BODY BY MATCHING COLUMN A WITH COLUMN B. Column A Column B 1) Part of the ﬁrst line of defense A. Acids 2) Entraps microorganisms entering the B. Lysozyme respiratory passages. 3) Provide chemical barriers C. Mucosae 4) Provide mechanical barriers D. Mucus 5) Have antimicrobial activity E. Protein-digesting enzymes F. Skin G. Sebum

TRUE OR FALSE 1. Inflammation is only caused by exogenous substances/organisms 2. Medical laboratory scientists test the presence of active inflammation

Explain the complement system under the following headlines: 1. Types 2. Activation 3. Complement fixation test

● . . ● Which of the following is considered an innate immunity: Production of antibodies via B lymphocytes Killing virally infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocyte The protective action of lysozymes in tears and saliva ● All of the above

1. When encountering antigen, describe the mechanism of antigen presentation by B cells. 2. Compare / contrast the advantages and disadvantages of active immunity with passive immunity. 3. Does antibody directly destroy a microbe? EXPLAIN. 4. Use the following terms to construct a coherent mechanism for cell mediated immunity: Interleukin, perforin, CD4 cells, CD8 cells, dendritic cells, MHC class I and class II 5. Upon invasion by a microbial antigen with multiple epitopes (antigenic determinants), What makes clonal selection for T cells and B cells relevant? 6. Why have different classes of antibodies (i.e. IgD, IgE)? 7. Why is the primary and secondary responses to antigen important for the host and for clinical diagnosis? 8. Are all adaptive immune responses the same? EXPLAIN.

Clinical Application: Immune System and Autoimmunity Disease Lymphocytes may be involved in two major types of responses to the presence of potentially threatening foreign substances. In anti- body-mediated immunity, B lymphocytes may produce antibodies that react with specific antigens on an invading cell or molecule. In cell-mediated immunity, T lymphocytes secrete lymphokines that signal other immune responses and often destroy antigen- containing cells directly. The antibody-antigen reactions associated with immune responses have been used by clinical biologists for years. Several examples are given. Think about each example and answer the questions. 1. Biologists often use antibodies to test for the presence of certain antigens in a particular substance. In Lab Exercise 33- Hormones and Lab Exercise 34-Blood, you witnessed demon- strations of this technique. For each antigen listed, indicate the substance tested (e.g., blood, urine) and give a brief summary of the…

1. Mr. Samara Austin, a twenty-four-year footballer sustained a bruise on his right knee during training on the field and reported 3 days later with redness and oedema on the site.Explain the inflammatory process leading to the manifestations.2. The T lymphocytes as macrophages, secrete a number of polypeptides (cytokines) generally called lymphokines that serve as autocrine regulators of the immune system. a. Identify any five (5) lymphokines and explain their functions.b. Briefly state a function for each of the following immune cells.  Monocytes Mast Cells  B Lymphocytes Cytotoxic, T Lymphocytes Helper T Lymphocytes

SEE MORE QUESTIONS

Recommended textbooks for you

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Anatomy & Physiology

Biology

ISBN:9781938168130

Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Publisher:OpenStax College

BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)

Biology

ISBN:9781305967359

Author:STARR

Publisher:CENGAGE L

Biology 2e

Biology

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:OpenStax

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS