LAB 2 UPDATED 23'

ANTH 102 LAB 2 1 Lab 2: Stone Tool Technology and Lithic Analysis List of Digital Components for this Lab (all are posted in the Lab 2 folder in Blackboard)  Lab 2 Digital Lab Packet ( this document )  Lab 2 Introduction Video  Activity 1 Video: Flintknapping with Dr. Bruce Bradley  Activity 2 Video: Making a Neolithic Flint and Antler Sickle  Activity 3 Photos: Stone Artifact or Unmodified Rock  Lab 2 Online Quiz  Supplemental Files (alternate formats, transcripts, etc.) General Instructions Step 1. Carefully read through the Lab 2 Digital Lab Packet ( this document ) and watch the Lab 2 Introduction Video before doing anything else. You should complete this step before your lab meeting so you may ask any questions at that time. The Lab 2 Introduction Video covers concepts that you must understand before attempting the lab activities in the lab packet. Step 2. Complete Activities 1, 2, 3, and 4 on your own time, as instructed in the lab packet. As you complete the lab activities, you should write down your answers on a printout of the lab packet or (if you cannot print the packet) on a separate piece of paper. You will not turn in this physical copy, but you will use it to enter your answers in the next step. The questions in this packet are numbered sequentially from 1-30 to simplify this process for you. Step 3. To turn in your lab work, you must type your answers for Activities 1, 2, 3, and 4 into the Lab 2 Online Quiz and submit before the deadline. You must submit your work via the online quiz to receive a grade—we cannot accept submissions in other formats. The deadline for turning in Lab 2 is Sunday, September 17, at 11:59 P.M. Chicago time. Work turned in after this deadline will be considered late and will be docked points according to the policy in the course syllabus. Learning Outcomes This lab introduces fundamental concepts that will help students to achieve a number of course and General-Education learning outcomes, including:  Understand and apply the techniques archaeologists use in their research.  Use and understand scientific method to analyze ideas and obtain knowledge.  Understand the implication and meaning of technological innovation and scientific discovery for the development of human society.

ANTH 102 LAB 2 2 Key Terms  Flintknapping – a general term for the process of producing flaked stone tools.  Hammerstone – a hard stone used to strike a core to detach a flake.  Hertzian cone of force – force radiating out from the point of impact where a core is struck.  Flake – a relatively flat, thin piece of stone with sharp edges that is removed (struck) from a core.  Ventral – the inner side of a flake.  Dorsal – the outer side of a flake.  Point of percussion – the place on a flake where the hammerstone blow that detached the flake from the core landed.  Bulb of percussion – a rounded protuberance (bump) on the ventral side of a flake, just below the point of percussion.  Erailleur scar – a scar sometimes left on the bulb of percussion where a small piece of stone has been forced out.  Ripples – stone ripples that spread out from the point of percussion on the ventral side of a flake.  Radial fissures – tiny fracture lines that radiate away from the point of percussion on the ventral side of a flake.  Cortex – weathered surface sometimes found on cores and on the dorsal side of flakes.  Core – the parent stone from which flakes are detached; a heavily-worked, three- dimensional chunk of stone.  Striking platform – the flattish surface on a core where the core is struck to detach a flake.  Flake scars – scars left on a core from where flakes have been removed.  Debitage – small, angular and jagged fragments of stone produced incidentally when a core is struck.  Tools – flaked stone artifacts used for a specific purpose (e.g., cutting meat).  Retouch – detaching small flakes from the edge of a flaked stone tool to shape the edge.  Soft hammer – a hammer made from antler or bone, typically used for retouching an edge.  Informal tool – a flaked stone tool that has been minimally shaped through retouch (or not at all), irregular in shape.  Formal tool – a flaked stone tool that has been extensively shaped through retouch, often with a standard design (e.g., projectile points).  Projectile points – stone tips of projectile weapons (arrow heads, dart points, and spear points).  Composite tool – a tool made up of multiple parts and materials assembled into a functional whole (e.g., a stone blade with a wooden handle).  Lithic production site – a place where flintknapping occurred and where flaked stone tools were produced.  “Kill” site – a site where a game animal was killed and butchered.

ANTH 102 LAB 2 4 Figure 2. Lithic Core Features. Type of Lithic Artifact General Appearance Features to Look For Flake Flattish piece of stone, thin with sharp edges All are on the ventral surface : Bulb of percussion Erailleur scar Ripples Radial fissures Core Heavily-worked, three- dimensional chunk of stone Flake scars Striking platform Cortex (if any remains) Debitage Small, angular and jagged fragments of stone Absence of typical flake features Formal Tool Conforms to a standard design (e.g., projectile points) Retouched into a specific shape Figure 3. Summary of Appearance and Features of Lithic Artifacts. Notes: Not all features will be visible on every single specimen. If a stone object lacks all of these features, for purposes of this lab you should consider it an unmodified rock.

ANTH 102 LAB 2 5 Activity 1: Flintknapping with Dr. Bruce Bradley Task: Begin by watching the Activity 1 Video: Flintknapping with Dr. Bruce Bradley (23 min), which has been posted to Blackboard. In the video, Dr. Bradley illustrates the process of producing flaked-stone tools, or flintknapping. As you watch the video, answer the multiple- choice questions below. For each question, choose the one best answer from the options given, A-D, based on information in the video. The questions appear below in approximately the same order as the information appears in the video. 1. 10,0000 years ago, before the introduction of metal, which cultures made stone tools? A. Just those cultures found in the arctic B. Only North American cultures C. Farming cultures did, but not others D. All cultures 2. What glass-like material is as close a nature comes to the purest flaking material? A. Obsidian B. Sandstone C. Petrified wood D. Bone 3. If you want stone that breaks equally well in any direction in a way that is predictable, you should use stone that… A. Is from a river B. Is opaque or transparent C. Has no impurities or internal fracture planes D. Has no edges 4. When you strike a piece of stone, the hammerstone transfers energy into the stone material in the shape of a… A. Sphere B. Banana C. Cone D. Cylinder 5. At what angle must you strike a stone in order to produce a flake? A. 90° or less B. 100° C. 125° D. 175° or more 6. Producing flakes of a predictable size and shape… A. Is haphazard B. Is possible if you have the appropriate skills and knowledge C. Is impossible no matter how skilled you are D. Is accidental

ANTH 102 LAB 2 7 Activity 2: Making a Neolithic Flint and Antler Sickle Task: Begin by watching the Activity 2 Video: Making a Neolithic Flint and Antler Sickle (5 min), which has been posted to Blackboard. In this video, Will Lord illustrates the process of producing a Neolithic flint and antler sickle. After you have watched the video, answer the question below. Be sure to use correct vocabulary from the list of Key Terms on page 2 of this lab packet. 13. How is the finished sickle different from the kinds of stone tools Dr. Bradley was making in the previous video?—Be specific. Do you think it is possible to easily transform the sickle into other kinds of tools, as Dr. Bradley did with the stone tools he was making?—Why or why not? (Answer in 3-4 sentences total.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

ANTH 102 LAB 2 8 Activity 3: Stone Artifact or Unmodified Rock? The process of stone tool production leaves behind certain telltale signs that clearly distinguish culturally modified stone artifacts from naturally occurring rocks. Cores, flakes, debitage, and the final products—formal stone tools, are all recognizable as artifacts. On the other hand, unmodified rocks will lack the hallmarks of stone tool production. Task: You have just been handed a box of stone objects collected by a survey crew that thinks they may have discovered an archaeological site. You must quickly assess the objects and determine if they are in fact flaked stone artifacts, or just unmodified rocks. If they are artifacts, you must also determine which kind of artifact: core, flake, debitage, or formal tool. Photographs and short video clips of each numbered stone object are found in the Activity 3 Photos: Stone Artifact or Unmodified Rock folder. Examine each object carefully and then enter the best possible identification, using the list of terms below:  Core  Flake  Debitage  Formal Tool  Unmodified Rock Remember to zoom in on the photographs, to get a closer look at specific physical features! The short video clips are useful for getting a sense of the three-dimension form of each object. 14. Object 1 ____________________ 15. Object 2 ____________________ 16. Object 3 ____________________ 17. Object 4 ____________________ 18. Object 5 ____________________ 19. Object 6 ____________________ 20. Object 7 ____________________ 21. Object 8 ____________________ 22. Object 9 ____________________ 23. Object 10 ____________________ (Note: If you need to review the characteristics and features of flakes, cores, debitage, and formal tools, you should refer back to the Lab 2 Introduction Video and Figures 1, 2, and 3 in this lab packet.)

ANTH 102 LAB 2 10 Activity 4: What Happened at This Site? Examining the types and relative quantities of lithic artifacts found at an archaeological site can give archaeologists an indication of what people were doing at that site in the past. In this exercise, you will get a chance to exercise your inference-making skills to answer the question, What happened at this site ? Task: Imagine you are the director of an archaeological field project. Your crew has excavated two different sites this season. These sites, Site 1 and Site 2, have produced the material finds listed in the table below. Your task is to examine this list of finds and then describe what kinds of activities most likely took place at each site—be sure to use the material evidence to support your claims. Site 1: Site 2:  143 small- and medium-sized lithic flakes, unused  12 used-up lithic cores  1,215 pieces of lithic debitage  3 hammerstones  2 antler fragments  3 unfinished spear points, broken  1 partial elephant skeleton (missing some bones, remaining bones have cut marks on them)  5 large lithic flakes with dull/damaged edges  5 complete spear points, found in and among the ribs and neck bones (Note: If you need to review characteristics of different kinds of sites, you should refer back to the Lab 2 Introduction Video .) 29. What activities happened at Site 1? What did people do here? What specific kind of site is this? (Answer in 2-4 sentences total, and remember to support your answer with evidence.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 30. What activities happened at Site 2? What did people do here? What specific kind of site is this? (Answer in 2-4 sentences total, and remember to support your answer with evidence.) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________