Lab 10- Answer Sheet

ANTH 2230L Lab 10 La b 10: Fossils and Primate Evolution- A N SWER SHEET O N LY Part 1-Exercise 1 1. (Youngest) F, J, B, Erosion-A, Intrusion R, S, M, K, P (oldest) 2. (Youngest) M, V, K, Erosion- N , Folding-A, P, X, T, D, L, C (oldest) 3. (Youngest) O, E, Erosion-U, Intrusion-Y, Folding-B, L, T, R, S, Q, G, F, Z (oldest) 4. (Youngest) Erosion-O, Intrusion- N , W P Erosion-I, Fault-A, G, C (oldest) 1

ANTH 2230L Lab 10 Part 2-Station 1: Observation Box: a) Which plesiadapiform traits are retained by the living primate which has led to some researchers to consider them members of the primate order? (consult the text above) Large claws that have excellent clutching capability along with additional bone characteristics corresponding to arboreality b) Which plesiadpaiform traits differ from the living primate? Claws instead of nails, snout in large, Incisors are bigger Part 2- Station 2: Observation Box: Trait Plesiadapiform Living Primate Postorbital bar (yes or no) Yes N o Convergent eyes (yes or no) N o Yes Which is bigger (incisors or canines) Incisors Canines Snout length (long or short) Large Short Comparative brain size (small or large) Small Large Diastema (large or small) Large Small N ails or claws Claws N ails Grasping fingers (yes or no) N o Yes Petrosal bulla Some species Yes Feature Adapid Omomyid Lemur Tarsier Position and size of eye orbits (lateral/ convergent) Covergent Lateral Lateral Covergent Size of eyes (large or small) Small Large Large Large Postorbital bar (yes/no) Yes Yes Yes N o Postorbital closure (yes/no) N o Yes Yes Yes Snout length (short/ shortest/ long/ longest) Long Shortest Longest Short 2

ANTH 2230L Lab 10 P art 2- Station 4: Observation Box: a) Which features identify these specimens as ancestors to the living apes? Explain with examples from your observations in this and previous labs about primates. b) Which fossil primate is most similar to the orangutan? Explain with examples from your observations. Part 2- Station 5: Fill in the blanks using the word box . human 65 euprimates 58 Oligocene niches North America Y-5 Europe large diastema 2.1.2.3 monkeys apes rafted 25 OWM adapoids claws wet and warm dental apes Aegyptopithecus Miocene plesiadpiforms post-orbital bar Feature Proconsul Dryopithecus Sivapithecus Orangutan Gorilla Dental formula 2:1:2:3 2:1:2:3 2:1:2:3 2:1:2:3 2:1:2:3 Y-5 or bilophodont Y-5 Molar Y-5 Molars Y-5 Molar Y-5 Molar Prognathic (rank from most to least) Least Least Diastema N o N o N o Yes Yes Dish-faced, or concave face (yes or no) Supraorbital tori (yes or no) Yes N o Yes Yes Yes Shape of eye orbits (oval or more squared) Oval Oval Oval Oval Oval Inter-orbital distance- distance between the eye orbits (narrow or broad) 4

ANTH 2230L Lab 10 adaptive radiation hypothesis Eocene Europe omomyoids strepsirrhines haplorrhines cool and dry When the dinosaurs become extinct _______ mya, they leave empty _______ which mammals then radiate into. This is called the __________________________. The first primate-like mammals are called ________________, but they are not true primates. The possess non-primate traits like __________, a ____________, and lack a ________________. The true primates, called Euprimates , appear roughly _____ mya during the __________and have skeletal traits which also characterize the living primates of today. These earliest primates were found mostly in _____________ and __________ and to a lesser extent in Asia and Africa. These primates included the groups ___________, which are probably the ancestors to the_______________, and _______________ which are probably to ancestors to ________________. Roughly _____ mya, during the _____________, the ______________ appear. They got this name because they have ape-like teeth, yet monkey-like bodies. This is also when the dental arcade number of 2:1:2:3 and Y-5 molar pattern first appear. In fact, the fossil ________________ is the most likely common ancestor of all _________. The evolution of the NWM is a bit more complicated, but most likely they had African origins and _________ to the New World. It is during the Miocene when ape evolution really takes off. During the early Miocene, the climate is ______________ and ___________ are abundant in the fossil record. However, during the late Miocene the climate becomes Warm and Wet become more abundant. This makes our understanding of the transition from apes to hominins difficult because there is a gap in the record of apes in Africa just prior to the appearance of Ape ancestors in Africa. 5