What are Indigenous studies

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University of Manitoba *

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1220

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Anthropology

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Jun 5, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by DoctorRavenMaster1140

Unit 1- Activity What are Indigenous studies? Indigenous studies aim to help us understand Indigenous Peoples culture, religion, tradition, and interest in society at the local, regional, and national levels to develop the appropriate abilities for addressing these issues worldwide. Various aspects of Indigenous studies have been approached. The methodological approaches in Indigenous studies : Methodology, Epistemology, and Ontology are examples of diverse approaches to examining Indigenous knowledge. The Methodology method relies on polls, records, group discussions, and interviews to give Indigenous Studies a constantly evolving approach that uses different methods of thinking about research. Epistemology refers to the capacity to safeguard and maintain the framework of society while also separating thoughts from legitimate beliefs through research. Ontology, on the other hand, demonstrates how Indigenous studies connect to the land, the universe, surroundings, and language itself, highlighting credibility and duty. The Theoretical approaches in Indigenous studies : Indigenous Studies discuss and inform Indigenous research using a variety of theoretical frameworks, including postcolonial, critical, feminist, queer, and Marxist. The postcolonial theory is still being debated, and some argue that it does not necessarily imply the end of colonialism because most Indigenous peoples continue to bear the consequences of colonialism. Critical theory aims to reduce the power that rules, discrimination, feeling helpless, and other similar forces wield over society. It is critical to recognize that Indigenous feminists

advance democracy and nationality in society by educating others about prejudice, sexism, and colonialism, as well as raising awareness through solidarity. Marxism supports Indigenous Peoples unique struggles . Indigenous Studies has struggled to define itself as a discipline, driven by a desire to break free from cultural norms and punishment structures that fail to recognize the diversity of ethnicity. To highlight the body of work of Indigenous Studies that emerged from the extensive evaluation process, the authors' contributions to the canon can be classified into four categories: destruction, interrogation, exposure, and knowledge creation. Destruction: is a method for deconstructing "colonial deception in Canadian histography, literature, and culture at large" by using narratives to address histography, literature, and pop culture, as well as imaginary beliefs of Indigenous Peoples, such as dying, writing, exemplary, and acting, that were heavily influenced by the media during the twentieth century. Dismantling: In Canada, political ideologies and constituent preferences influence the formulation of government policy. Unfortunately, this system was built on racism and falsehoods, relying on colonial precedents that have harmed Indigenous communities. The denial of indigenous rights, as recognized in treaties shaped by Western policies and institutions, is based on a colonial paradigm. Exposure: Adams (1975), in a work now considered a revisionist history classic, retells the story of Canada by exposing the government's 21 atrocities, shattering any notion that the country is protecting Indigenous people. Simpson (2017) furthers the Indigenous call to denounce Western hegemony and support actions for cultural resurgence through the disruption of the colonial state.

Creation: When the canon was first conceived, new knowledge in Indigenous Studies was based on various disciplines. Traditional knowledge was accepted in Indigenous Studies by introducing the concept into the canon; over time, they gained acceptance in the institution and are now permitted to speak in the community. In a nutshell, Indigenous Studies focuses on centuries of Indigenous life in ancestral homelands while also looking into the social processes that have and continue to affect Indigenous Peoples in Canada since European colonization. Reference: Department of Indigenous Studies | Faculty of Arts | University of Manitoba. (n.d.). Umanitoba.ca. https://umanitoba.ca/arts/indigenous-studies Reference : Forsythe, L. (2020) Indigenous Studies Methodological, Theoretical, and Canonical Foundations. UM Learn. University of Manitoba /content/enforced3/571349-REV_INDG1220/Indigenous Studies Methodological, Theoretical, and Canonical Foundations.pdf Unit 2 -Activity The role of Indigenous burning in land management. Each landscape demonstrates the past and customs of the people who live there. The current American surroundings reflect the enduring effects of one perspective positioned on another: colonial versus Indigenous. This history is most visible in attitudes toward the fire, as they manifest on the landscape. Fire was used by Indigenous Peoples throughout North America, and its presence or absence strongly shaped the resettlement vegetation (Kilgore 1985; Williams 2000a).

1. Identify and discuss the philosophy of burning in Indigenous agriculture. Philosophy: Fires were intentionally ignited to fulfill a wide variety of purposes, from clearing village sites (Brown 2000) to long-distance signaling. The myth that nature can be controlled serves as the foundation for Western society's fire suppression policies. Interestingly, attempts to control nature through fire suppression have resulted in greater unpredictability. The indigenous viewpoint emphasizes that all forces are dual, both imaginative and corrosive. Human use of fire is an example of mutual dependence. The indigenous use of fire is based on the reciprocal responsibility ethic, which promotes an adaptive symbiosis in which burning benefits both humans and nonhumans. The interesting fact was that fire is sacred to Indigenous Peoples. For example, Indigenous Peoples in the Northwest burned grasslands and savannas to increase root crop yields such as camas and geophytes. Walpole Island First Nation's prairies have been ritually burned since ancient times by the Potawatomi, Ojibwe, and Ottawa peoples. They accept this responsibility and call themselves the "keepers of the fire." 2. What were the goals of Indigenous burning? The primary goal of fire was to promote food security, manage crops, reduce pests, create mosaics, and increase crop productivity while also altering the environment to ensure their existence. Fire still is widely used in the management of basketry plants, to provide a consistent crop of straight, slender shoots and roots (Ortiz 1993). Fire was used to create prairies, which attracted elk, deer, and other wildlife. Indigenous Peoples effectively modified fire regimes to create forest openings at various stages of postfire succession, resulting in increased diversity and yield of game, berries, ro ot crops, edible seeds, and medicinal plants.

3. Outline the evidence shared to support Kimmerer & Lake's (2001) assertions. Some shreds of evidence show that Indigenous burning was not a consistent practice, but rather a result of misguided attitudes towards traditional knowledge. Accounts of aboriginal burning can be found in notes that are not accepted by Western scientists, who claim that burning harms the vegetation and land, making agriculture obsolete. Many tribal people’s material cultures would not have survived without the extensive use of fire. In terms of energy conservation, fire was the most effective land-management tool for indigenous people. Fire technology has evolved over millennia through extensive experimentation and observation. Fire has played a significant role in many cultures, reflecting a worldview that values human participation in nature. Reference: Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001). The Role of Indigenous Burning in Land Management. Journal of Forestry , 99 (11), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/99.11.36 Unit -3 Activity Indigenous contributions to the World. 1. Outline the biological exchange of disease following the 1492 voyage by listing the diseases brought to Turtle Island and their effect on the Indigenous population.  Smallpox , Measles, Whooping cough, Chicken pox, Bubonic plague, Typhus, and Malaria : Many Indigenous Peoples died because of widespread smallpox outbreaks. Their population and ability to resist European colonization were significantly reduced. These were all deadly imported diseases, either highly contagious or bacterial. Indigenous Peoples, who had no prior exposure or immunity to the disease,

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