lab manual_axial skeleton_a+p (1).pdf

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2 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. View Module 7.2 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton to highlight the bones of the axial skeleton and compare them to those of the appendicular skeleton. Examine Module 10.1 Axial Skeleton to view only the bones of the axial skeleton. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Thoracic cage Bones of the skull Vertebral column

3 Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal : Condyle : Facet : Fissure : Foramen : (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa : Margin : Process : Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled. The drawings don’t have to be perfect; just make sure the different bone markings are in the correct locations, relative to each other.

4 IN-LAB EXERCISES Open the A&P app, and from the left-side menu, select the Skeletal System. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms and all answers to the questions. A. Skeletal System Overview Watch the video in Module 7.1 Skeletal System Overview, examine the 3D anatomical view in Module 7.3 Function of the Skeleton, and answer the following questions.

5 1. How does the skeletal system function to protect the body? Give a few examples. a. i. ii. iii. 2. In addition to providing structure and protection, what other functions does the skeletal system perform? a. b. c.

6 B. Types of Bones Bones have many different shapes, and the shape of a bone frequently correlates to its function. View the following modules and use them to answer the questions. 8.1 Bone Types 8.2 Flat Bones 8.3 Long Bones 8.4 Short Bones 8.5 Irregular Bones 8.6 Sesamoid Bones Femur (long bone) Phalanges (long bones) Pelvic bone (irregular bone) Humerus (long bone) Tibia and fibula (long bones) Vertebra (irregular bone) Patella (sesamoid bone) Tarsals (short bones)

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