Sodium hydroxide

photosynthesis by examining the behavior of leaf disks in different pH solutions under light. In this experiment, we used five different pH levels: pH 5, pH 6, pH 7, pH 8 and pH 9. These solutions were created using a combination of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Spinancia olcerea or spinach, leaves were used in the experiment to examine the effects of pH on the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis was measured by counting the number of leaf disks that rose to the surface of the solution

essential oils, eugenol and acetyleugenol, will be steam distilled from cloves. These compounds are isolated from aqueous distillate by extraction into dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution is shaken with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which will react with eugenol, to yield the sodium salt of eugenol in the basic aqueous layer, and acetyleugenol in the organic layer. The basic aqueous layer can be acidified to re-extract eugenol from it. And the organic layer can be dried and concentrated to yield

Identification of an Unknown Organic Acid Chem 1211K Lab Drawer #15 Wednesday November 13th, 2013 Unknown Number: 3334025-CF13 Table of Contents Pg. # Abstract 3 Experimental Report 4-7 Results and Discussion 7-12 Conclusion 13 **pKa Graph 14 Abstract Identifying this organic acid was an extensive task that involved several different experiments. Firstly, the melting

Reagents 1. Freshly prepared 0.01N oxalic acid solution for standardization of sodium hydroxide 2. Freshly prepared 0.01 N NaOH solution 3. Topfer's reagent: It is dimethyl amino benzene 0.5% in absolute ethanol 4. Freshly prepared 1% phenolphthalein solution Procedure 1. Gastric juice (1ml) was taken in to a 100 ml conical flask, to this 2-3 drops of Topfer's reagent was added and titrated with 0.01 N sodium hydroxide until all traces of red color disappears and the color of the solutions turns yellowish

titration process, in addition to using indicators to determine pH. Materials: DI water Buret Stand Clamp 150ml beaker Waste beaker Vitamin c tablet Vitamin c solution Phenolphthalein Acetic acid solution Ammonium hydroxide solution Ammonium chloride solution Sodium acetate solution Sodium carbonate solution Glass stirring rod Well plate Mortar and pestle Erlenmeyer flask Weighing pan Procedure: Vitamin C Titration 1. Set aside a waste beaker. 2. Acquire a vitamin C tablet and record its mass.

IMPORTANT: When a strong acid is combined with water, the order in which you pour one into the other matters. Remember the acronym AA: Add Acid to water. If you do the opposite and add water to a strong acid, it can flash-boil and cause chemical burns. With the stock solution of 6 M HCl, prepare 300 mL of a 2 M HCl solution: a. Use a graduated cylinder to add 200 mL deionized H2O to a clean 600 mL beaker labelled “2 M HCl”. b. Use a (clean) graduated cylinder to add 100 mL 6 M HCl to the beaker (always

INTRODUCTION All proprieties of matter contain molecules that are either solids, liquids, or gases and carry factors of kinetic energy to do work. These molecules move at a random but constant speed from areas of high concentration to low concentration in a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane. This is called diffusion, and when cells diffuse water through a membrane it is called osmosis. This creates a new solution when the chemicals within the solvent react to each other creating equilibrium

the floor which will make the reflux process available. Procedure Exactly 2.9 grams of dimethylaniline was added to an Erlenmeyer flask with 15 mL of Glacial acetic followed with 2.0 mL of Chloroacetyl chloride and 25 mL of half-saturated aqueous sodium acetate. The product was stirred with 60 mL of water and isolated by vacuum filtration. The amide was placed in the round bottom flask with 7.5 mL of diethylamine and 25 mL of Toluene and refluxed it for an hour. The mixture was cooled down to

performed in order to calculate find the concentration of hydrochloric acid. In the first part of the lab, the hydrochloric acid was then titrated with sodium hydroxide to obtain the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. In the second part of the lab, a base and/or antacid was over titrated with hydrochloric acid. It was then back-titrated using sodium hydroxide solution to determine how much hydrochloric acid was needed to neutralize the titration. Throughout the first exercise, the neutralization reaction

used to determine the rate constant k of the synthesis of benzoic acid at different temperatures and ethanol concentrations. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor, where ethyl benzoate was added to a mixture of water, ethanol, and sodium hydroxide. The agitation speed of the batch reactor was kept