The pyruvate kinase bypass in gluconeogenesis: 56. requires two enzymes. 57. is ATP-dependent. 58. generates, in its first step, oxaloacetate (OAA) that could be used in the malate/asp shuttle to produce cytosolic NADH for GNG. 59. utilizes four ATP equivalents for every glucose that is generated by gluconeogenesis. 60. is irreversible.

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Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways allude to the arrangement of chemical catalyzed reactions that lead to the transformation of a substance into the final product. Metabolic pathways incorporate a progression of reaction where the substrate is changed continuously and the transitional metabolites are persistently recovered.

Glucogenesis

Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is produced from carbon substrates that are not carbohydrates. This process is observed in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other micro organisms. The general  definition for glucogenesis or gluconeogenesis is as follows,