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- Q4:- A fast computer is used to break a ciphertext (A) using columnar transposition cipher that needs 150 attempts, the speed of processor is 4 MIPS (million instructions per second), and each attempt needs 5 instructions. Another computer of speed 3 MIPS is used to break ciphertext (B) using Caesar Cipher that needs 110 attempts, and each attempt needs 4 instructions for ciphertext (B). Determine which ciphertext will be broken first (consider the worst case, i.e. the last attempt is the successful one), write your answer in details?One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…What's the difference between preventing deadlock and eliminating it altogether?
- We may evaluate the two modes of cypher encryption, cypher block chaining and cypher feedback mode, by looking at how many encryption operations are needed to transport a large file.To what extent is the more efficient option preferred?An early attempt to force users to use less predictable passwords involved computer-supplied passwords. The passwords were eight characters long and were taken from the character set consisting of lowercase letters and digits. They were generated by a pseudorandom number generator with 215 possible starting values. Using the technology of the time, the time required to search through all character strings of length 8 from a 36-character alphabet was 112 years. Unfortunately, this is not a true reflection of the actual security of the system. Explain the problem.A block cipher has block length 3. When the key is k, the results of encrypting a block with this cipher are given in the table below: m E(m, k) m E(m, k) 000 011 100 101 001 111 101 110 010 001 110 010 011 000 111 100 (i) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CBC mode, with key k and IV 111. (ii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in ECB mode, with key k. (iii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CTR mode, with key k and initial counter value 100.
- 1.Suppose Alice sent the following secret message: 001000000100100100111001001010000011101000111010 The decryption key was discovered to be: 01101001Decrypt the message into plain text.. 2.List and state what is represented by the three code snippets provided below in less than one sentence each? Snippet #1 Snippet #2 Snippet #3 push %ebpmov %esp, %ebp sub X, %esp mov %ebp, %esp pop %ebpret leave retAnswer it True or False only. No explanation. Thanks 1. Interruption is an attack on availability e.g. destruction of piece of hardware, cutting of a communication line or disabling of file management system. 2. Cryptography is the study of principles and methods of transforming an unintelligible message back into an intelligible message without knowledge of the key. 3. A block cipher processes the input and block of elements at a time, producing output block for each input block. 4. An unauthorized party not only gains access to but tampers with an asset is referred to as fabrication. 5. Passive attacks are in the nature of eavesdropping on, or monitoring of, transmissions. The goal of the opponent is to obtain information that is being transmitted.What are the potential limitations of Electronic Code Book (ECB)? Question 13 options: If one ciphertext block is corrupted during the transmission, all subsequent ciphertext blocks cannot be decrypted unless until corrupted block is successfully retransmitted. If the same message (e.g., an SSN) is encrypted (with the same key) and sent twice, their ciphertexts are the same. It needs an initialization vector to operate. Repetitive patterns contained in the plaintext may be revealed in the ciphertext, if aligned with blocks.
- Consider a RAID-5 system. Suppose a SQL query reads and updates just one tuple (and, by design, that tuple fits in one disk block). Assuming there are no database data in main memory, list the disk reads and writes that must occur to complete the operation fully.Suppose we are using a method of encryption that does as much as possible to hide any patterns of a file, including symbol frequencies. And suppose we also want to compress the same file. In terms of the compression performance (the size of compressed file), is it better to compress the file before encrypting it, or encrypt the file before compressing it? Briefly explain the reason**Please use the provided information** Shared session key establishment using a Key Distribution Center (KDC). Using the following table, illustrate how Alice can initiate a secure session with Bob with the help of KDC. Here, KEKs are the long term key establishment keys used to transport the session keys across the network securely. Assume the encryption process to be as follows: Divide the key into two halves: LK and RK; Divide the plaintext into two halves: LT and RT; Then ciphertext= LC||RC where LC=LK XOR RT; and RC = RK XOR LT; where LC, RC, LT, and RT are each 4 bits; Plaintext and ciphertext are each 8 bits. For example, if plaintext=A7 (Hexa) and Key = 6D; then LC=6 ⊕ 7 = 0110 ⊕ 0111 = 0001 = 1 (Hexa); and RC = D ⊕ A = 1101 ⊕ 1010 = 0111 = 7 (Hexa); so Ciphertext = 17 (Hexa). To decryptt, it does the reverse operation: Given ciphertext of C=LC||RC, it finds plaintext T=LT||RT, by finding LT=RC ⊕ RK and RT = LC ⊕ LK. In the above example, LT = 7 ⊕D = 0111⊕1101=1010=A; RT=1 ⊕…