T/F Type I collagen fibers, that consist of collagen triple helices aligned side-by-side, are strengthened by covalent cross-links between amino acid side chains of different collagen triple helices. True False
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- It is not an easy matter to assign particular func-tions to specific components of the basal lamina, sincethe overall structure is a complicated composite materialwith both mechanical and signaling properties. Nidogen,for example, cross-links two central components of thebasal lamina by binding to the laminin γ-1 chain and totype IV collagen. Given such a key role, it was surprisingthat mice with a homozygous knockout of the gene fornidogen-1 were entirely healthy, with no abnormal phe-notype. Similarly, mice homozygous for a knockout of thegene for nidogen-2 also appeared completely normal. Bycontrast, mice that were homozygous for a defined muta-tion in the gene for laminin γ-1, which eliminated just thebinding site for nidogen, died at birth with severe defectsin lung and kidney formation. The mutant portion of thelaminin γ-1 chain is thought to have no other functionthan to bind nidogen, and does not affect laminin struc-ture or its ability to assemble into the basal lamina.…List the steps of collagen assembly and include the location of each stepUnder certain stable concentration conditions, actin monomers in their ATP form will polymerize to form filaments that disperse again into free actin monomers over time. Explain
- What is one feature of fibrillar collagen that contributes to its strength? They form crosslinks between glycine and alanine residues on adjacent collagens. They form crosslinks between lysine and hydroxylysine residues on one collagen molecule. They form crosslinks between glycine and alanine residues on one collagen molecule. They form crosslinks between lysine and hydroxylysine residues on adjacent collagen molecules.Neurofilament proteins assemble into long, intermediate filaments , found in abundance running along the length of nerve cell axons. The C-terminal region of these proteins is an unstructured polypeptide, hundreds of amino acids long and heavily modified by the addition of phosphate groups. The term “polymer brush” has been applied to this part of the neurofilament. can you suggest why?Which of the following best describes collagen? Select the correct responses): It is a sinistral super helix that is formed from three sinistral helices. It is a sinistral super helix that is formed from three dextral helices. • It is primarily made up of chiral and cyclic amino acids. It is primarily made up of chiral and acyclic amino acids. It is a dextral super helix that is formed from three sinistral helices. • It is primarily made up of achiral and cyclic amino acids. ]It is primarily made up of achiral and acyclic amino acids. • It is a dextral super helix that is formed from three dextral helices.
- Microfilaments are long filamentous proteins made up of many globular proteins. What main protein are microfilaments composed of?What could be the reason why hydroxylation of proline residues is critical to the structural integrity of collagen? Select the correct response The hydroxyl moities in Pro form disulfide bonds which stabilize collagen structure. The hydroxyl moities in Pro form ionic bonds (salt bridges) which stabilize collagen structure. The hydroxyl moities in Pro form hydrophobic interactions which stabilize collagen structure. The hydroxyl moities in Pro form peptide bonds which stabilize collagen structure. The hydroxyl moities in Pro form H-bonds which stabilize collagen structure.What is the repeating sequence of collagen and how is it essential to the structure of the triple coils of collagen fibers?
- Contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscles requires theinflux of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Compare and contrast thelocations and functions of the molecules to which Ca2+ binds inskeletal and smooth muscles, and explain the steps that lead tocross-bridge cycling in each type of muscle.Analogs of hemidesmosomes are the focal contact sites, which are also sites where the cell attaches to the extracellular matrix. These junctions are prevalent in fibroblasts but largely absent in epithelial cells. on the other hand, hemidesmosomes are prevalent in epithelial cells but absent in fibroblasts. In focal contact sites, intracellular connections are made to actin filaments, whereas in hemidesmosomes connections are made to intermediate filaments. Why do you suppose these two different cell types attach differently to the extracellular matrix?All of the following are filamentous proteins EXCEPT