say a R-colorin assign colors to vertices of G such that for every edge (v, w) E E, the color of v is different to the c w. More formally, G = (V, E) has a k-coloring if there is a function f : V → {1,2, ., k} suc that for every (v, w) E E, f(v) # f(w). 3-Color problem is defined as follows: Given a graph G = (V, E), does it have a 3-coloring? 4-Color problem is defined as follows: Given a graph G = (V, E), does it have a 4-coloring? ... Prove that 3-Color
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- An undirected graph G = (V, E) is called “k-colorable” if there exists a way to color the nodes withk colors such that no pair of adjacent nodes are assigned the same color. I.e. G is k-colorable iff there existsa k-coloring χ : V → {1, . . . , k}, such that for all (u, v) ∈ E, χ(u) ̸= χ(v) (the function χ is called a properk-coloring). The “k-colorable problem” is the problem of determining whether an input graph G = (V, E) isk-colorable. Prove that the 3-colorable problem ≤P the 4-colorable problem.Let G be a graph. We say that a set of vertices C form a vertex cover if every edge of G is incident to at least one vertex in C. We say that a set of vertices I form an independent set if no edge in G connects two vertices from I. For example, if G is the graph above, C = [b, d, e, f, g, h, j] is a vertex cover since each of the 20 edges in the graph has at least one endpoint in C, and I = = [a, c, i, k] is an independent set because none of these edges appear in the graph: ac, ai, ak, ci, ck, ik. 2a In the example above, notice that each vertex belongs to the vertex cover C or the independent set I. Do you think that this is a coincidence? 2b In the above graph, clearly explain why the maximum size of an independent set is 5. In other words, carefully explain why there does not exist an independent set with 6 or more vertices.Consider an undirected graph G = (V, E). Recall that a set SCV is an independent set of cardinality k in G if and only if |S| = kand Vu, v S : {u, v} & E (that is, there is no edge between any two distinct vertices in S). True or false: Let f be any k-colouring of G, and let 1 ≤ c ≤ k be any one colour. Then {v: f(v) = c} is an independent set in G. True False
- 3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in Va color c(v) such that 1< c(v)You are given a bipartite graph G=(U,V,E), and an integer K. U and V are the two bipartitions of the graph such that |U| = |V| = N , and E is the edge set. The vertices of U are {1,2,...,N } and that of V are {N+1,N+2,...,2N }. You need to find out whether the total number of different perfect matchings in G is strictly greater than K or not. Recall that a perfect matching is a subset of E such that every vertex of the graph belongs to exactly one edge in the subset. Two perfect matchings are considered to be different even if one edge is different. Write a program in C++ programming language that prints a single line containing “Perfect” if the number of perfect matchings is greater than K, and “Not perfect” in other cases.Sample Input:3 5 21 42 62 53 53 5Output:Not PerfectLet G = (V, E) be a directed graph, and let wv be the weight of vertex v for every v ∈ V . We say that a directed edgee = (u, v) is d-covered by a multi-set (a set that can contain elements more than one time) of vertices S if either u isin S at least once, or v is in S at least twice. The weight of a multi-set of vertices S is the sum of the weights of thevertices (where vertices that appear more than once, appear in the sum more than once).1. Write an IP that finds the multi-set S that d-cover all edges, and minimizes the weight.2. Write an LP that relaxes the IP.3. Describe a rounding scheme that guarantees a 2-approximation to the best multi-set3) The graph k-coloring problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G= (V,E) with N vertices and M edges and an integer k. Assign to each vertex v in V a color c(v) such that 1Consider a weighted, directed graph G with n vertices and m edges that have integer weights. A graph walk is a sequence of not-necessarily-distinct vertices v1, v2, ... , Vk such that each pair of consecutive vertices Vi, Vi+1 are connected by an edge. This is similar to a path, except a walk can have repeated vertices and edges. The length of a walk in a weighted graph is the sum of the weights of the edges in the walk. Let s, t be given vertices in the graph, and L be a positive integer. We are interested counting the number of walks from s to t of length exactly L. Assume all the edge weights are positive. Describe an algorithm that computes the number of graph walks from s to t of length exactly L in O((n+ m)L) time. Prove the correctness and analyze the running time. (Hint: Dynamic Programming solution)We are given an undirected connected graph G = (V, E) and vertices s and t.Initially, there is a robot at position s and we want to move this robot to position t by moving it along theedges of the graph; at any time step, we can move the robot to one of the neighboring vertices and the robotwill reach that vertex in the next time step.However, we have a problem: at every time step, a subset of vertices of this graph undergo maintenance andif the robot is on one of these vertices at this time step, it will be destroyed (!). Luckily, we are given theschedule of the maintenance for the next T time steps in an array M [1 : T ], where each M [i] is a linked-listof the vertices that undergo maintenance at time step i.Design an algorithm that finds a route for the robot to go from s to t in at most T seconds so that at notime i, the robot is on one of the maintained vertices, or output that this is not possible. The runtime ofyour algorithm should ideally be O((n + m) ·T ) but you will…Suppose we have a graph G = (V, E) with m edges. Prove that there exists a partition of V into three subsets A, B, C such that there are 2m edges between these subsets (i.e. between A and B, between B and C, or between A and C). 3The minimum vertex cover problem is stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V, E) with N vertices and M edges. Find a minimal size subset of vertices X from V such that every edge (u, v) in E is incident on at least one vertex in X. In other words you want to find a minimal subset of vertices that together touch all the edges. For example, the set of vertices X = {a,c} constitutes a minimum vertex cover for the following graph: a---b---c---g d e Formulate the minimum vertex cover problem as a Genetic Algorithm or another form of evolutionary optimization. You may use binary representation, OR any repre- sentation that you think is more appropriate. you should specify: • A fitness function. Give 3 examples of individuals and their fitness values if you are solving the above example. • A set of mutation and/or crossover and/or repair operators. Intelligent operators that are suitable for this particular domain will earn more credit. • A termination criterion for the…Consider a directed graph G = (V, E), and two distinct vertices u, v V. Recall that a set of U-V paths is non-overlapping if they have no edges in common among them, and a set C of edges disconnects from U if in the graph (V, E-C) there is no path from U to V. Suppose we want to show that for any set of non-overlapping paths P and any disconnecting set C, |P| ≤ |C|. Consider the proof that defines A = P, B = C and f(path q) = qC, and applies the Pigeonhole Principle to obtain the result. True or False: f is a well-defined function (i.e. it satisfies the 3 properties of a well- defined function). True FalseSEE MORE QUESTIONSRecommended textbooks for youDatabase System ConceptsComputer ScienceISBN:9780078022159Author:Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. SudarshanPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationStarting Out with Python (4th Edition)Computer ScienceISBN:9780134444321Author:Tony GaddisPublisher:PEARSONDigital Fundamentals (11th Edition)Computer ScienceISBN:9780132737968Author:Thomas L. 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