(iii) The molecular weight of polydimethylsiloxane can be controlled by addition of a silicon-based reagent. Suggest the identity of this reagent and explain its effect on the polymerisation reaction. (iv) The properties of polydimethylsiloxane can be changed by the altering the degree of branching of the polymer chains. A silicon-based reagent can be added to promote chain branching during polymerisation. Suggest the identity of this reagent and explain how it promotes chain branching.
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- (a) Compare the characteristic features of polymerization by step-growth and chain- growth mechanisms. (b) Many alkene monomers (olefins) are readily polymerized by a free-radical mechanism. However, isobutylene is usually polymerized by a cationic mechanism. Explain.(a) Explain why poly(vinyl alcohol) cannot be prepared by the radical polymerization of vinyl alcohol (CH2=CHOH). (b) Devise a stepwise synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol) from vinyl acetate (CH2=CHOCOCH3). (c) How can poly(vinyl alcohol) be converted to poly(vinyl butyral), a polymer used in windshield safety glass?(b) Draw and describe the mechanism of radical-catalysed polymerization of ethene to poly(ethene) (also known as polythene), including details of initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Include a representative initiator, and how it brings about initiation.
- Consider monomers A–C. (a) Rank the monomers in order of increasingreactivity in cationic polymerization. (b) Rank the monomers in order ofincreasing reactivity in anionic polymerization.(a) Show how poly(propylene oxide) can be synthesized via anionic ring-opening polymerization. (b) Draw the mechanism for the initiation and first two propagation steps.1SUDuLyiene is usuany poiymerized by a cationic mechanism. Explain. 14. Draw the mechanisms for the following processes in the radical polymerization of styrene in toluene: (a) initiation by cumyl peroxide; (b) propagation; (c) termination by disproportiona- tion; and (d) transfer to solvent. 15 Show the mechanieme of addition of a hutediane men
- Pyrrole is a π-excessive heteroaromatic molecule. (i) Explain, using resonance structures, the term π-excessive heteroaromatic. (ii) Name the reactions typically undergone by aromatic molecules, and discuss how readily these occur for pyrrole. (iii) Pyrrole undergoes polymerisation under acidic conditions. Draw a reaction mechanism to explain this observation.An equimolar blend of 1,4-hydroquinone diallylether and ethylene glycol dimercaptoacetate containing a small amount of benzophenone (radical photoinitiator) is polymerized by irradiating the blend with ultraviolet (UV) light. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the polymerization. (b) How would you classify this polymerization according to the reaction mechanism? (c) Calculate the extent of reaction needed to produce a polymer with a number average molar mass of 20,000 g/mole (neglect the effect of end groups in the calculation). (d) Draw the structure of the polymer that is obtained when the mole ratio of diallyl ether to dithiol is 1.1. (e) Explain briefly the consequences of including a tetrafunctional thiol in the polymerization with the exact stoichiometry 2:1:4 of difunctional thiol to tetrafunctional thiol to difunctional allylic ether. HS HS 1,4-hydroquinone diallylether Ethylene glycol dimercaptoacetateDevise a synthesis of (3R,4S)-3,4-dichlorohexane from acetylene and anyneeded organic compounds or inorganic reagents.
- (a) Propose a reasonable synthesis for the formation of nonane from CH3CH2CH2I and any other organic/inorganic reagent. (b) Suggest three (3) different Grignard reactions leading to 2-phenyl-2-butanol.give the mechanism of the following reactions and explain why any selectivities occur.(a) Explain the mechanism of a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone.(b) An organic compound (A) (molecular formula CgH16Q2) was hydrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid to give a carboxylic acid (B) and an alcohol (C). Oxidation of (C) with chromic acid also produced (B). On dehydration (C) gives but-1-ene. Write the equations for the reactions involved.