How should the government initially allocate transferable emissions permits among firms if it wants the target level of emissions to be achieved at minimum cost? O A. Give permits to firms in direct proportion to the amount of emissions each generates. OB. Give more permits to firms that have lower marginal abatement costs. OC. Give each firm the same number of permits. OD. It doesn't matter how the permits are allocated as long as the firms can buy and sell them in a competitive market.
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- Imagine a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 16 – 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 8 – E. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $2 to $3, the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $_ Select one: O a. $1.25. b. $4.50. O c. $2. O d. $1.75. Appalachian Coal Mining believes that it can increase labor productivity and, therefore, net revenue by reducing air pollution in its mines. It estimates that the marginal cost function for reducing pollution by installing additional capital equipment is MC=40P Where P represents a reduction of one unit of pollution in the mines. It also feels that for every unit of pollution reduction the marginal increase in revenue (MR) is MR=1000-10P How much pollution reduction should Appalachian Coal Mining undertake?Conceptually, the efficient level of carbon emissions is the level for which OA. the marginal benefit of reducing carbon emissions is maximized. OB. the marginal benefit of reducing carbon emissions is equal to the cost of reducing carbon emissions. OC. the marginal benefit of reducing carbon emissions is minimized and the marginal cost of reducing carbon emissions is maximized. OD. the marginal cost of reducing carbon emissions is minimized.
- Imagine a firm’s marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 24 – 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 12 – E. The adoption costs for the new technology are $2. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $2 to $4, the firm's total costs increase by $_____. Select one: a. $19. b. $15. c. $16. d. $21. Note:- Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism. Answer completely. You will get up vote for sure.For a product with external benefits like vaccines (positive externality),which of the following is true?Select one: Oa. The market equilibrium results in too much of the good compared to what is optimalOb. The market equilibrium results in too little of the good compared to what is optimal.Oc. The market will not provide the good; it must be publicly funded.O d. Large economies of scale work as a barrier to firm entry.cap-and-trade and windfall profitsA city called Seoul is suffering from high concentrations of mercury in the air, caused by burningcoal in power plants. There are two of these plants close to the city. The city’s mayor wants touse cap-and-trade to reduce emissions to a reportedly “safe” level of 60 tons. The two firms havethe following marginal benefits of emissions: MB1 = 100 – 2e1, MB2 = 25 – 0.5e2.a. How much mercury will each firm emit? What allowance price will prevail in themarket?Firm 2 hires a smart lobbyist who convinces the government that its profits are relatively low andthat it therefore deserves a generous allowance allocation. The government agrees and allocatesa1 = 20 allowances to firm 1 (for free) and a2 = 40 allowances to firm 2 (for free).b. What are the firms’ profits? Do any of the firms earn windfall profits? [Hint: compareprofits with and without regulation.] Windfall profits have been sharply criticized by consumer advocacy groups and politicians.c. What can…
- All of the following statements about taxes on emissions and subsidies to abatement are true except: Select one: O a. The profit-maximizing response by firms to a tax on emissions is to set their marginal abatement costs equal to the tax. The profit-maximizing response by firms to a subsidy to abatement is to set their marginal abatement costs equal to the subsidy. O b. Taxes always reduce firm profits; subsidies often increase firm profits. O c. Both taxes on emissions and subsidies to abatement can in principle achieve the socially efficient outcome in the short run and the long run. O d. A and B are false. O e. B and C are false.Suppose that a firm’s emissions and Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) data are summarized in thetable below. e MAC 0 200 10 180 20 160 30 140 40 120 50 100 60 80 70 60 80 40 90 20 100 0 a. If the price of a pollution permit is $100, how many permits will the firm need? Explain.b. Suppose that the price of a pollution permit increases to $120, how many permits will thefirm need? Explain.c. With this new price of $120, will the firm’s emissions increase or decrease? By howmuch? Explain.d. Can the firm sell any permits? If so, what is the revenue generated from permit sales?Explain.The internal combustion engines that power most cars generate a number of pollutants, including carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, benzene, and others. If it were costless to implement (design, roll out, monitor, & enforce) new environmental policies, which of the following would economists likely recommend as a way to regulate those pollutants? O a. Introduce a cap and trade system (permit market) for CO2, but adjust the cap downward by 10% to account for the other pollutants. b. Introduce a single environmental tax (say, 20%) for all new gas-powered cars, regardless of their emissions profile O c. Introduce a separate tax for each externality: one tax per pollutant, with tailpipe monitors measuring actual emissions.
- d. What is the socially optimal level of emissions for the industry per month? What would be the resulting total abatement cost per month? Total damage per month? Total social cost per month? e. If environmental authorities wished to control pollution in the industry by imposing an emission tax on pollution, what would be the optimal tax rate per ton of emissions? At this rate, how many tons of pollutants would the industry emit per month? What is the total tax bill to be collected per month? What would be the resulting total abatement cost per month?Imagine a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 150 – 6E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 75 – 3E. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $12 to $24, the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $_. Select one: a. $6. b. $24. c. $12. d. $36.Imagine a firm’s marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 10 – E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 5 – 0.5E. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $2 to $4, the benefits of adopting the new technologies increase by $____.Select one:a. $4.b. $8.c. $6.d. $10.