Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Q: What does NOT describe a starch?
A: Starch is a polysaccharide that is produced by most of green plants for the purpose of storage of…
Q: he eukaryotic metallothionein gene promoter consists of all EXCEPT: MRE GC Box Pribnow box…
A: Metallothioneins are proteins that have high affinity towards binding heavy metal ions, and its…
Q: 5. A young woman decided to lose weight and abstained from fat-containing food for several months.…
A: Fats are glycerides (mono, di and tri), sterols, phospholipids and free fatty acids. it is stored in…
Q: Which of the following components are found in lipoproteins? Choose all that apply a. DNA b.…
A: Lipoproteins are essential components of the body that transport nutrients around. Lipoproteins are…
Q: 1. The best description of how muscles move is: spinning basal bodies sliding filaments adding…
A: Muscles contract and then relax to move bodily components. Muscles can move bones, but they didn't…
Q: Q2-A man (weight 65) ate a daily diet containing 65 g protein. So in a week, he weighed himself and…
A: Protein efficiency ratio - is the ratio of based on the weight gain of a unknown subject divided by…
Q: Nucleotides in the "plus" direction are said to lie ____ the transcription start site. positive…
A: Transcription start site:- site from where transcription start's.
Q: Which of the following statements are TRUE? O a. Phosphofructose kinase (PFK) is used exclusively…
A: Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates act…
Q: Folate deficiency may lead to: a.Megaloblastic anemia b.Neural tube defects c.Microcytic anemia…
A: Folic acid is B family Vitamin. It aids in the formation of healthy new cells in the body. Folic…
Q: The apo form of an enzyme: (select all that applies) Group of answer choices Is the cofactor-free…
A: Enzymes are biological catalysts that help living organisms speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes can…
Q: Fibrous proteins, globular proteins, and conjugated proteins are the three (3) primary kinds of…
A: Proteins which are most essential part of diet they are building block of body . Protein named by…
Q: NH NH но но NH HO но Deoxythymidine Zidovudine Stavudine
A: Nucleoside polymerase inhibitors are glycoside analogs that inhibit the action of the catalyst…
Q: An inhibitor "I" is added to the enzymatic reaction at a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The data obtained…
A: The reciprocal kinetic data is as follows: 1/[S] L/g 1/V (min-L/g) E = 0.015 g/L (Without…
Q: Enzymes that acetylate the ε-amino group of lysine in the histone tails are called ____ and are…
A: Histones are protein molecules present in nucleosome core of the chromatin material around the…
Q: Write the reactions of the TCA cycle, naming all enzymes and providing the structural formulas of…
A: TCA cycle ( tricarboxylic acid cycle) is also known as citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle. It occurs…
Q: Intrinsic RNA chain termination is determined by specific sequences in the DNA called ____ sites.…
A: Termination during transcription occur via 2 methods. Intrinsic termination:- promote termination by…
Q: Biological value
A: Protein efficiency ratio: It is defined as a ratio of weight gain of a subject to protein intake.…
Q: What is phenylketonuria? Discuss its occurrence, symptoms if any, treatments if there are, and any…
A: The pattern of inheritance of a condition caused by a recessive faulty gene copy located on an…
Q: CH2OH OH HO, CH2OH OH OH OH ÓH Enatiomers Diastereomers O Epimers Anomers
A: When two monosaccharides differ from each other in their configuration around a single specific…
Q: One indication of the relative importance of various ATP-producing pathways is the Vmax of certain…
A: Pheasant pectoral muscles are clearly anaerobic, as expected from a bird highly trained for…
Q: List a physiological emulsifying agent produced in the liver. What role does this substance play in…
A: Hepatocytes produce bile, which would then be altered by the cholangiocytes that line the bile…
Q: list ALL redox reactions that occur during cellular respiration. At the end of your list, how many…
A: Redox reactions involve many reactions from cellular respiration, in which electrons are passed from…
Q: opinion should be the definite characteristic
A: Life of any organism can be beneficial or harmful depends upon the nature of an organism.
Q: A muscle cell structural element that is composed of several hundred myosin molecule is a/an…
A: Introduction: Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle that is attached to the skeleton. Our…
Q: Different enzymes that catalyse the same reaction are called O A. isoenzymes O B. holoenzymes OC.…
A: Introduction: Glycolysis is the primary source of ATP production. It occurs in the cytosol of the…
Q: The "actual" free-energy change, AG, for the oxidation of NADH under aerobic conditions is -50.9…
A: The final equation for actual free energy change (∆G') of NADH oxidation is given below. The ( ' )…
Q: Qualitative and Quantitative Tests for Amino Acids and Proteins Complete the table: Test Reagents…
A: Introduction: Amino acids are biomolecules containing an amino and a carboxyl group with a side…
Q: The following plasmid is digested with EcoR1 and Ndel restriction endonucleases. Agarose…
A: Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which cleave the phosphodiester bonds within a DNA. These…
Q: ACTIVITY 6.2.4 Give the systematic name of the following cyclic monosaccharides: 1. Name: OH Н OH Н…
A: Monosaccharides are carbohydrates with single sugar unit. The structure of monosaccharides can be…
Q: immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin Function/s Ig A Ig D Ig E Ig G Ig M
A: Immunoglobulins, a specialised group of proteins that are mostly associated with gamma-globulin…
Q: Current research indicates that the cause of obesity is multifactorial. Briefly outline the roles of…
A: Obesity is a major health issue in developed countries, and it has become increasingly clear that…
Q: 3. Which of the following is false? a) Methyl, phosphoryl, adenyl, uridylyl and adenosine…
A: Enzymes are basically proteins that are intricately packed within with the help of intramolecular…
Q: Which nuclear isotope used in protein NMR spectroscopy is the most sensitive to detect? Briefly…
A: NMR Spectroscopy is used to study the structure and composition of biomolecules like proteins. Here…
Q: Increased protein metabolism leads to increase in which of the following? Select all that apply.…
A: Proteins are made up of amino acids. Protein metabolism involves the breakdown of proteins by…
Q: TRUE OR FALSE: a) DNA replication requires the participation of at least 8 nucleoside…
A: The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA, RNA to protein synthesis is called central dogma.…
Q: 1. One of the following is the simplest phosphoglyceride. a.Phosphatidylcholine b.Phosphatidic acid…
A: Fatty acids are important micromolecules which combine together to form lipids in plants, animals…
Q: Acidosis is a human body disorder caused by too much acid in the stomach. If a patient was tested…
A: Acidosis is a condition in which the body's fluids contain an abnormally high level of acid. It is…
Q: 3. One indication of the relative importance of various ATP-producing pathways is the Vmax of…
A: Pheasant pectoral muscles are clearly anaerobic, as expected from a bird highly trained for…
Q: Entire sequence below needs to be amplified by PCR and subcloned into a plasmid vector. Which of the…
A: PCR, or the polymerase chain reaction, is a technique used by molecular biologists to amplify…
Q: describe strategies that are used to manage insect resistance in genetically modified (GM) crop
A: It is estimated that about 15% of world's crop yield is lost to insects or pests. The damage is…
Q: Calculate the energy produced (in ATP molecules) achieved by complete oxidation of the hydrolysis…
A: Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for most organisms. Carbohydrates are digested to…
Q: The fact that some eukaryotic rRNAs are self-splicing indicates that RNA structures are highly…
A: Introns are non-coding sequences, which are removed during the process of splicing. Splicing is…
Q: For questions #23 - #27 A solution is made by dissolving 6.26g NAOH in 25.2g water. 19. What is the…
A: The number of moles of any compound is found by making use of formula: number of moles=given…
Q: Calculate the energy produced (in ATP molecules) achieved by complete oxidation of the hydrolysis…
A: Glycolysis involves the oxidation of mannose into pyruvate. Mannose enters glycolysis as…
Q: explain why is the importance of pharmacogenetics in the world of forensic sceicn
A: Introduction: Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic differences in a single gene develop…
Q: The structure of the dipeptide Gly-Asn is given by The structures of the amino acids Gly and Asn are…
A: Introduction Glycine (Gly - 3 letter code ) and Asparagine (Asn) are amino acids. Amino acids are…
Q: A) Determine Vmax and Km of the reaction in the absence of inhibitor. B) Determine the inhibition…
A: Enzyme kinetics - it is a study of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions in which reaction rate is…
Q: In your own words how are drugs and toxins can have direct and indirect stimulation of the motor…
A: Toxins and drugs are a conceivable and prevalent significant public health problem, but they…
Q: complete the sentence with a preposition ( in , at, on) or (no preposition) I phone you. five…
A: Note : Hi ! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer three subparts at a time. Since…
Q: Which undergoes more number of beta-oxidation cycles - degrading a 16:0 lipid or degrading a 16:2…
A: β-oxidation is the process of degradation of fatty acids by the oxidation of βcarbon atoms of the…
Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- The conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate reduces NAD+ to NADH. Under anaerobic conditions, how is NADH oxidized back to allow for continuing glycolysis? (name the compounds involved in the reaction besides NADH and their draw structures)The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation: Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation: GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.Assuming that the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is operative, a complete oxidation of three molecules of glucose (by a eukaryotic cell) into carbon dioxide and water would produce approximately ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 2.5 ATP and FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)
- Copper is a cofactor in several enzymes, including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.Ceruloplasmin, a deep-blue glycoprotein, is the principal copper-containing protein in blood. It isused to transport Cu2+ and maintain appropriate levels of Cu2+ in the body’s tissues.Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, an important reaction in ironmetabolism. Because the metal is widely found in foods, copper deficiency is rare in humans.Deficiency symptoms include anemia, leukopenia (reduction in blood levels of white blood cells),bone defects, and weakened arterial walls. The body is partially protected from exposure toexcessive copper (and several other metals) by metallothionein, a small, metal-binding protein thatpossesses a large proportion of cysteine residues. Certain metals (most notably zinc and cadmium)induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine and liver.In Menkes syndrome intestinal absorption of copper is defective. How can affected infants…The synthesis of 2,3-BPG from the glycolytic intermediate1,3-BPG (glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate) is catalyzed by theenzyme bisphosphoglycerate mutase, an iron-requiringenzyme. What effect on oxygen delivery to the body’s tissueswould be expected in the event of an iron-deficient diet?Arsenate (AsO³-) closely resembles phosphate in structure and reactivity. However, arsenate esters are unstable and are spontaneously hydrolyzed. If arsenate is added to actively respiring mitochondria, what would be the effect on ATP synthesis? ATP synthesis will decrease because cells require less energy when arsenate is available. ATP synthesis will not be affected because mitochondria are incapable of taking up arsenate. ATP synthesis will stop due to the formation arsenate-ADP anhydrides. ATP synthesis will increase because arsenate anhydride hydrolysis increases ATP turnover. If arsenate is added to actively respiring mitochondria, what would be the most likely effect on the rate of the electron-transport chain? The rate of electron transport will decrease, because arsenate inhibits Complexes I and II. The rate of electron transport will decrease, because arsenate inhibits the citric acid cycle. The rate of electron transport will increase, because arsenate increases the demand…
- The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…DCCD (diocyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is mitochondrial NADH. DCCD is a drug that binds to ATP synthase and blocks proton transport through the ion channel. a) Explain what the consequences of DCCD on cellular energy production are. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effect of DCCD and explain this effect.phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and represents the key control point in mammalian glycolysis. The enzyme is a homotetramer that is inhibited by ATP binding, activated by AMP binding, negatively regulated by phosphorylation, and competitively inhibited by 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate. (a) Would you expect a plot of the initial rate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formation as a function of substrate concentration to show a sigmoidal or hyperbolic curve? (b) How would each of the regulators above affect the dynamics of the T state to R state equilibrium of phosphofructokinase? Briefly explain your reasoning. (c) If it were possible to isolate phosphofructokinase monomers in an active form, how would you expect the kinetics in (a) to be affected? How would the rate of the reaction be affected by ATP, AMP, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate? Briefly explain your answers.
- In which of the following metabolic conversions is ATP “generated” during glycolysis? Phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate —> Phosphoenolpyruvate Glucose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate —> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/molThe glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the following reaction: +H₂N- H - - CH₂ - CH₂ COO acide glutamique COO™® + NAD+ + H₂O GDH COO C: CH₂ CH₂ COO™ O + NH4+ NADH + H* The activity of GDH is monitored in the sense of the formation of glutamate using the following conditions: -0.2 mL of 5 M ammonium sulphate 2.4 mL of buffer at pH 8 0.1 mL of NADH at 6.15 mg.mL-¹ (M = 709 g.mol-¹) 0.2 mL of 1 M a-ketoglutarate solution Warm mixture at 25 °C for 5 min - Add 0.1 mL of GDH solution containing 1.6 mg.mL-¹protein to start the reaction. acide a-cétoglutarique The change in absorbance at 340 nm is monitored, in a 1-cm cuvette, every minute for 10 min. Results are given in the table below: Data: ENADH at 340 nm = 6220 M¹.cm¹ Time (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.760 1.718 1.675 1.635 1.595 1.550 1.510 1.489 1.476 A340 10 1.451 - Draw the graph A = f(t). Calculate A340 at t = 0 and place this point on the curve. - Comment the shape of the curve, particularly the portion that corresponds to a…