a) The mean camber line of an aerofoil is defined by the relations: Zc m x x X 2q C C C Zc= m с (1- x In the above, c is the aerofoil chord. Given that, m = 0.045, q = 0.25, and using thin aerofoil theory estimate:

The following equation may be used to estimate the take-off ground run for an aircraft: Equation has been attached as an image. Calculate the take-off ground run, from a runway at ISA-SL conditions, for a twin engine aircraft for which the following data may be assumed Aircraft lift-off speed 155 knots Max take-off gross weight 220 tonnes Wing planform area (S) 358 m Wing CL (t/o flaps deployed, a = 0) 1.1 Wing span 53.18 m Oswald efficiency factor, e 0.7 KGE = CD(IGE) / Co(OGE) 0.4 Co sum (fuselage, wing, tailplane and nacelle) 0.015 Co for undercarriage 0.021 Co for flaps at taking-off setting 0.0073 Coefficient of rolling friction, u 0.02 Engine thrust (assumed constant) 310 kN per engine It may be assumed that 1knot = 0.51444 m/s   It may be assumed that 1knot = 0.51444 m/s

Problem Solving: IJA car is fraveling at the speed Vo on a Tevel road. After the brakes ote applied at t = 0, the motion con be approximated by x = where x is the distance traveled in mcters and t is the time in seconds. Find: (a) Find the value of Vo straight, %3D %3D 100

Aerodynamics NACA 664-221 Chord c = 150 cm 1) What is the CL range to achieve the minimum coefficient of drag? 2) What is the thickness ratio of the airfoil?

PROBLEMI.2 A HYDRAULIC TURBINE IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 800 KW POWER AT 500 RPM UNDER A NET HEAD OF 40 M. FOR INITIAL TESTING A GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR MODEL OF 1:4 SIZE NEEDS TO BE TESTED IN A LAB WHERE AVAILABLE HEAD IS 10 M.THE OPERATING SPEED AND POWER PRODUCED BY THE MODEL RESPECTIVELY IS

5. The wind variation for a typical site is described using Weibull distribution. Consider a case where the annual mean wind speed is 6 meters/second at 30 meters in height, and the Weibull distribution factor k=2. Discretize this in 1.5 m/s increments and predict the number of hours per year for the range of wind speeds that would be expected. For a 1.5MW wind turbine with Cp=0.40, density of air=1.225kg/m^3, and rotor diameter of 60 meters, determine the energy captured by this wind turbine over the course of a year.

2. The table below shows experimental data for the shape and pressure distribution on the upper and lower surface of an airfoil at zero angle of attack. X 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Yu 0 0.0952 0.0922 0.0588 0 Fx = dYu dx 5 Y₁ 0 -0.0254 -0.0144 -0.0052 0 PL Pd) d: dx Y = Yu (x) Calculate the drag and lift force on the airfoil by numerically evaluating the integrals = S₁² ( P₂₁ = ['(P₁ - F (P₁ - Pu)dx 0 y = Y₂ (x) Pu 1.000 -1.640 -0.786 -0.212 0 Fy x Pi 1.000 0.589 0.426 0.322 0 Use finite difference approximations of the derivatives and the composite Simpson's rule to evaluate the integrals. Hint: Use central differences to estimate the derivatives wherever possible since they are more accurate than forward or backward differences.

Determine the velocity required for take off for an aircraft with the following characteristics.Aircraft mass: 7200 kgWingspan: 15 mWing shape: rectangularWing chord length: 1.8 mWing airfoil: NACA 4415Wing angle of attack: 7× 0.5 + 5 degreesHint: Check NACA charts for required parameters.

Ex. The force required to tow a 1:30scale model of a motor boat in a lake at a speed of 2m/s is 0.5 N, Assuming that the viscosity resistance due to water and air is negligible in comparison with the wave resistance, calculate the corresponding speed of the prototype for dynamically similar conditions. What would be the force required to propel the prptype at that velocity in the same lake? Ans.: 10.95m/s, 13500N

Q2: A wind farm is proposed to be built outside of Baghdad Airport, The airport wind data obtained at a zref = 10 m., gave a Weibull wind frequency distribution fit with coemciens of k = 1.54 andc = 3.78 m/s. The wind turbines in the proposed wind farm have a rated power of Prated = 1.5 MW, a rotor radius of R = 35 m, and a hub height of H = 65 m. The rated wind speed for the wind turbines is Vrated = 8 m/s and the cut-out wind speed is Veutout = 20 m/s. Find the followings: (a) Based on the Weibull coefficients at zref= 10 m., determine the new Weibull coefficients for the wind speed at the wind turbine hub height. Assume n =0.23. (b) What is the probability for the wind at the hub height to be between Vrated and Veutoul? (c) Based on this, what is the expected Annual Energy Production (AEP) [MW-h], for one of the wind turbines in the wind farm? Q3: