A man was brought to the hospital showing "pneumonia"-like symptoms. They took the viral load and determined this to be the new RNA retrovirus infecting lung cells. Since antibodies were unavailable, doctors decided to treat him with drugs. Which of the following would most benefit the patient?
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- The structure of a prodrug used for treating people with HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS is shown below. This molecule is a precursor of a protease inhibitor that competitively inhibits HIV protease due to its resemblance to the proteolytic site of the enzyme. Which process in the viral life cycle does this inhibitor target directly ? Group of answer choices a. viral protein processing for making new viruses b. viral mRNA synthesis c. viral DNA integration into the host cell DNA d. viral DNA synthesisIf a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) during processing in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes is most likely to occur? O A. Viruses released by that host cell would have a decreased ability to infect cells than the virus that originally infected the cell. B. The virus-encoded protease would be unable to cleave large viral proteins into smaller, functional polypeptides. OC. The virus would be unable to replicate within the host cell. D. Viruses released by that cell are novel and would result in infections with higher mortality rates.Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.
- 3) Would mRNA vaccines be as effective against bacteria as they are against viruses? Why or why not? Questions related to SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor Science Article (Zhang et al.) 1) What is the function of the viral main protease? 2) What is the amino acid recognition sequence that is cleave by this main protease? Indicate where this protease cuts? 3) Would interfering with this protease effect other proteases in human cells? 4) How closely related are the amino acid sequences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV? What does this suggest about focusing research on inhibiting this enzyme?1. Precise words:Find the nonspecific terms in the following sentences. Replace the nonspecific choices with more preciseterms or phrases (It is not necessary to change the sentence structure).(i) All OVE mutants showed enhanced iP concentrations.(ii) Plants were kept in the cold overnight.(iii) To provide proof of concept for our hypothesis, we studied a virus in its host cell.(iv) The present paper reports on continuing experiments that were performed to clarify thissurprising effect.(v) The first transition state is a little lower in energy than the second transition state. 2. Simple words:Improve the word choice in the following examples by replacing the underlined terms or phrases withsimpler word choices (do not change the sentence structure).(i) These data substantiate our hypothesis.(ii) The difference in our results compared to those of Reuter et al. (1995) can be accounted forby the fact that different conditions were used.(iii) For the purpose of discussing cell migration we…Covid 19 binds to the ACE2 and TMPRS22 receptor to invade a cell. Would these be transmembrane or intracellular receptors? Select one: a. Intracellular receptor since viruses can pass through our cell membranes b. Transmembrane receptor since the virus cannot directly cross the plasma membrane of our cells
- The success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work? Question 4 options: 1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4 5) 3We now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United States. These vaccines cause cells in the body to make the spike protein that is on the surface of the virus, and subsequently, stimulate an antibody response to this antigen. A. What do these antibodies do to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2? How do they interact with the virus particles? B. Which kind of cells in the immune system are responsible for synthesizing these antibodies?Let's imagine you have discovered a new RNA virus and found a cell line to grow the viruses (lucky you!). Early experiments show virus' genome to be single-stranded RNA but you are unsure if it is positive or negative RNA. Explain how using anisomycin, an eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor, could potentially provide an answer.
- Describe an experiment in which you demonstrate that the pUL44 protein of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) localizes with phospho-H2AX (yH2AX). What reagent can be used to denote the cellular location of H2AX? Be sure to carefully describe your controls, as well as the expected results. What other technique can be used to validate the findings in this experiment? Explain.Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the ‘cervical cancer’ vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as ‘subunit vaccines’) is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure Q4.27 shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein. a) What results would be predicted if…A cell is infected with an HIV mutant that results in very little virus being released into the medium that is used to grow the cultured cells. Upon electron microscopy it is noted that the membrane of the infected cell is idenitcal in appearance to a cell that has not been infected. In addition there is relatively little viral RNA in the cells and relatively few proviruses in the cellular genome when compared to a non-mutant HIV infection. Which of the following proteins is most likely mutated? Multiple Choice gag reverse transcriptase vif vpu