6. A comparisonof macroeconomic views For each macroeconomic viewpoint, identify whether it is a position held by classical economists, Keynesian economists, or monetarists. If the viewpoint is shared by more than one group, check all that apply. Viewpoints The velocity of money is stable or constant. The cause of unemployment during a recession is inadequate aggregate demand. Classical Keynesian Monetarist
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- 1. Which of the following is concerned with changing the aggregate demand of thenation?A) External balanceB) Internal balanceC) Expenditure-changing policiesD) Expenditure-switching policiesAnswer: 2. Which of the following is an example of an expansionary monetary policy?A) Increase in TaxesB) Increase in the nation's money supplyC)Increased government expendituresD) Reduction in taxesAnswer:Price stability: Suppose you are the head of the central bank and your mandateis to maintain the price level at a constant value. Explain what you would doto the money supply in response to each of the following events:(a) Real GDP increases by 4% during a boom.(b) Real GDP declines by 1% during a recession.(c) Real GDP is growing at 3% per year.(d) Te velocity of money increases by 2%.(e) Te velocity of money declines by 1%.5. Suppose that we have a partial sticky price New Keynesian model. Suppose that the economy is hit with an increase in At+1. Suppose that the central bank wants to adjust the money supply in such a way that the real wage does not change in response to this shock. How must the central bank adjust policy in response to the increase in Af+1 in order to achieve this end? How does output react to the change in A+1 if the central bank follows such a policy? How does this change in Y compare to a world in which the money supply is exogenous (i.e. does not react to the increase in A41)?
- 4. The slope and position of the long-run aggregate supp curve Assume the Federal Reserve triples the growth rate of the quantity of money in circulation. In the long run, this increa in money growth will affect which of the following? Check that apply. Suppose when unemployment is at its natural rate the economy produces a level of real GDP equal to $60 billion. E Using the purple points (diamond symbol) plot the economy long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve on the graph. 132 128 124 120 116 112 108 The inflation rate 104 The level of technological knowledge The quantity of physical capital The size of the labor force 100 0 + 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 OUTPUT (Billions of dollars) 80 90 100 LRAS Suppose now the government passes a law that significan increases the minimum wage. This change in policy will cause the natural rate of unemployment to, which will: Oshift the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right Not impact the long-run aggregate supply curve O Shift the long-run aggregate…E4 Assume the real money demand of an economy is:(Md/P) = 2×Yb(r + πe)-awhere 0 < b < 1 and 0 < a < 1.a) Use the real money demand above to determine the velocity of money.b) Does the quantity theory of money hold in this economy? Explain.c) Show with calculus how the velocity of money reacts to a change in output and a changein the nominal interest rate.d) Find the income and the nominal interest rate elasticities of money demand.3. An economy has full-employment output of 1000. The other aggregates are as follows Cd = Id = 200+0.8(YT) - 500r 200-500r G = 196 T = 20+0.25Y Money demand is Md P = 0.5Y -250(r+π²) where expected rate of inflation л² = 0.10. The nominal supply of money M = 9890. 3.1 What are the general equilibrium values of the real interest rate, price level, consumption, and and investment?. 3.2 Suppose that government purchases are increased to G = 216. What are the new gen- eral equilibrium values of the real interest rate, the price level, consumption, and and investment?.
- 1. Assume that a country’s economy is in a short-run equilibrium and the actual unemployment rate is lower thanthe natural rate of unemployment.(a) Using a correctly labeled graph of the long-run aggregate supply curve, short-run aggregate supply curve,and aggregate demand curve, show each of the following.(i) Current price level, labeled PL1, and current output level, labeled (b) What open-market operation can the country’s central bank use to move the economy toward its long-runequilibrium?(c) Use a correctly labeled money-market graph to show how the country’s central bank action to move theeconomy toward its long-run equilibrium affects the equilibrium nominal interest rate in the short run.(d) Based on the interest rate change from part (c), will each of the following increase, decrease, or remain thesame in the short run?(i) Real output. Explain.(e) Assume instead that the central bank does not pursue the monetary policy action from part (b) and there wasno other government…Exhibit: Shift in Aggregate Demand LRAS SRAS AD CAD AD In this graph, initially the económy is at point E, with price Po and output Y aggregate demand is given by curve ADo, and SRAS and LRAS represent, respectively. short-run and long-run aggregate supply. Now suppose the Fed decides to reduce the money supply. The economy moves first 4o point in the short-run and then, in the long-run, to point O B: C OCB A:D O D. Aa) Which of the follwing monetary policy actions can be used to close an inflationary gap?O No change in the money supply to keep interest rates constant.ODecrease the money supply to decrease interest rates,OIncrease the money supply to increase interest rates.O Increase the money supply to decrease interest rates.O Decrease the money supply to increase interest rates. b) Assume the economy is initially at full-employment equilibrium. Suppose the economy slows down and uncertainty increases, reducing consumption and investment expenditures, in the short run, this shock willcause the economy to fall below full enployment. To move the economy to a full-employment equilibrium, the Fed could:O. decrease government spendingO. increase corporate tax ratesO. lower the federal fund rate targetO. increase government spending O. raise interest rates
- Suppose you are chair of the Federal Reserve in 1995. You believe that potential output follows the dotted line after 1993, but in actuality, it follows the line denoted "True potential output." The current state of the economy is given by the curve "Actual output." Given the information in the figure, you _________, because you believe the economy is in a ________, but your advice instead OUTPUT O 1993 True potential output 1995 Actual output Perceived potential output lower interest rates; recession; accelerates inflation TIME O raise interest rates; boom; accelerates a recession keep interest rates the same; boom; accelerates inflation O Not enough information is given. lower interest rates; boom; increases unemployment3. Suppose that the economy is well described by the New-Keynesian with partial sticky prices. Assume that the ZLB on nominal interest rate is binding. In your answer below, keep in mind the consumers' and firms' optimal decisions that give rise to the model and explain how and why agents' decisions change. a) Bank runs generate a large increase in spreads ft in the economy. What are the effects on aggregate outcomes (Y, P, r)? How does it compare to the case where the ZLB is not binding? Use diagram to support your answer b) The Central bank, as lender of last resort, decides to inject large amounts of money into financial institutions. Analyse the transmission mechanism of this policy action as well as its effects on output and price level.4. Suppose that people expect inflation to equal 3 percent, but in fact prices rise by 5 percent. Indicate whether this unexpected higher rate of inflation would help or hurt each of the following groups. a homeowner with a fixed-rate mortgage. a union worker with a fixed labor contract a company that has invested some of its endowment in a government bonds which pay a fixed rate of return. 5. Indicate how each of the following events would affect the aggregate demand AD curve: a short-run decrease in the price level an increase in consumer confidence on the price level and real GDP an increase in government purchases