4t X – 1.62ß 3n a - 0.62B C2p 2n x + 0.62ß + + 1n lX + 1.62B + + Figure 9E.2 The Hückel molecular orbital energy levels of butadiene and the top view of the corresponding t orbitals. The four p electrons (one supplied by each C) occupy the two lower t orbitals. Note that all the orbitals are delocalized. Energy + 1g a 2u Figure 9E.4 The Hückel orbitals of benzene and the corresponding energy levels. The orbital labels are explained in Topic 10B. The bonding and antibonding character of the delocalized orbitals reflects the numbers of nodes between the atoms. In the ground state, only the bonding orbitals are occupied. Energy
4t X – 1.62ß 3n a - 0.62B C2p 2n x + 0.62ß + + 1n lX + 1.62B + + Figure 9E.2 The Hückel molecular orbital energy levels of butadiene and the top view of the corresponding t orbitals. The four p electrons (one supplied by each C) occupy the two lower t orbitals. Note that all the orbitals are delocalized. Energy + 1g a 2u Figure 9E.4 The Hückel orbitals of benzene and the corresponding energy levels. The orbital labels are explained in Topic 10B. The bonding and antibonding character of the delocalized orbitals reflects the numbers of nodes between the atoms. In the ground state, only the bonding orbitals are occupied. Energy
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Chapter9: Bonding And Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization And Molecular Orbitals
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 65SCQ: Three of the four molecular orbitals for cyclobutadiene are pictured here. Place them in order of...
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Electronic excitation of a molecule may weaken or strengthen some bonds because bonding and antibonding characteristics differ between the HOMO and the LUMO. For example, a carbon–carbon bond in a linear polyene may have bonding character in the HOMO and antibonding character in the LUMO. Therefore, promotion of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO weakens this carbon–carbon bond in the excited electronic state, relative to the ground electronic state. Consult Figs. 9E.2 and 9E.4 and discuss in detail any changes in bond order that accompany the π*←π ultraviolet absorptions in butadiene and benzene.
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