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- At body temperature, L-aspartate in proteins race-mizes to D-aspartate at an appreciable rate. Most pro-teins in the body have a very low level of D-aspartate, if itcan be detected at all. Elastin, however, has a fairly highlevel of D-aspartate. Moreover, the amount of D-aspartateincreases in direct proportion to the age of the person fromwhom the sample was taken. Why do you suppose thatmost proteins have little if any D-aspartate, while elastinhas levels of D-aspartate that increase steadily with age?1. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids. 2. Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex.it is known that exercise is good for diabetics. explain how GLUT 4 transporters may be involved in this beneficial effect of exercise.
- Glucokinase acts as a glucose sensor in hepatocytes (livercells), a- and b-cells in the pancreas, enterocytes (intestinalwall cells), and the hypothalamus (a control center in thebrain of numerous physiological processes). Explain whyglucokinase can perform this role.Mutations in glucokinase which lower the kcat for the enzyme or elevate the Km for glucose result in mild to moderate elevation of blood glucose. Explain how these mutations cause diabetes-like symptoms in patients.HbA1c is used to monitor blood glucose levels because hemoglobin is the only protein in blood that is covalently modified by glucose. True False Insulin Glargine is a long-acting form of insulin that is synthesized with several D-amino acids that slow its proteolytic degradation and extend the half-life of the insulin Glargine molecule. True False
- What is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of abnormal, unbranched glycogen, leading to heart or liver failure and short fife expectancy O Glycogen accumulation in heart, leading to heart failure, muscle weakness, short life expectancy O Absence of UDP-glucose conversion to glycogen, leading to lack of muscle glycogen, exercise intolerance Glycogen accumulation due to lack of glucose-6-phosphate conversion to glucose, leading to liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, short life expectancy O Lack of complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. leading to mild hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and muscle weakness Submit Request AnswerThe Gq-protein and phospholipase C pathway are responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. What effect would an agonist or an antagonist have on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?Two of the steps in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate (steps 4 and 5 in the figure) do not involve any of the three carbons of pyruvate, yet are essential to the operation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex. CH3 Pyruvate Hydroxyethyl TPP 1 TPP TPP CHOH 1 CH3 2 Pyruvate dehydrogenase, E₁ CH3 SH Acetyl lipoyllysine 515 CoA-SH CH3- C-S-COA Acetyl-CoA Oxidized lipoyllysine. Reduced 3 lipoyllysine Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, E₂ Lys FAD -SH SH FADH₂ Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, E3 NADH + H+ NAD+
- The epinephrine-mediated “amplificationcascade” of Figure 24.14 has six steps, all of which are catalyticwith one exception. This cascade leads to the activation of glycogenphosphorylase. This enzyme acts in turn on glycogen to yieldglucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P).(a) Which step is not catalytic?(b) If each catalytic step had a turnover (molecules of substrateacted on per molecule of enzyme) of 10, how many moleculesof G-1-P would result from one molecule of epinephrine?(c) What is the biochemical advantage of such a cascade?(d) How is the amplification cascade of this questionreversed?Explain why people with a hereditary deficiency of carnitine acyltransferase II have muscle weakness. Why are the symptoms more severe during fasting?In 3-4 sentences, briefly explain how lactate is formed, the biological effect of lactate, and explain the biochemical process and path for conversion of lactate. 3. The hormones glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin, can regulate blood glucose levels to protect the brain. For each one provide a short explanation as to whether it raises or lowers glucose how it does this, and indicate whether it is metabolic or catabolic.