Zebrafish Oxygen Consumption

This report presents the physiological changes in the heart rate of a fresh water crustacean Daphnia magna when exposed to caffeine and alcohol. Different Daphnia magnas were placed in a depression slide containing fresh water and later exposed to solutions of caffeine and alcohol. Each Daphnia magna had different responses. These data suggest there is an increase in heart rate when a Daphnia magna is exposed to caffeine and a decrease in heart rate when it is in a solution of alcohol.

The lab for this paper was conducted for the topic of osmosis, the movement of water from high to low concentration. Five artificial cells were created, each being filled with different concentrated solutions of sucrose. These artificial cells were placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions for a period of 90 min. Over time, the rate of osmosis was measured by calculating the weight of each artificial cell on given intervals (every 10 minutes). The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab.

The increase of oxygen does not necessarily mean the fish will keep up with it. Too much oxygen can be harmful to the fish so you would need a certain amount per area of fish. A constant flow of oxygen going throughout the water habitat.

Once the sponge was inside the jar, because it expanded in the water we used the tweezers to squeeze the sponge to remove any air bubbles in the stoppered jar. Next, we removed the cap of the spring water and poured it into the stoppered jar until it overflowed and capped the two calibrated oxygen probes back onto the jars. We then immediately took the initial oxygen concentration (mg/L) and temperature reading (°C) from the machine. Then, at every 15 minute mark in a one hour time period, we took the readings of each fish by counting their gill movement in and out as one ventilation for 30 seconds using a stopwatch. Before reach reading, we recorded the oxygen level and temperature and recorded the results. The focus of the experiment was to see how the ventilation rate and oxygen consumption are affected by the different treatment levels. The method used to analyze the data and the results was called the t-calculated or the t-test. By finding the average, standard deviation, and given the N1 and N2 values, the t calculated value was determined. By using degrees of freedom (D.F) and t calculated it would determine whether the confidence level (C.L) is high enough to support our alternative hypothesis and reject our null hypothesis, or low enough to reject our alternative hypothesis and support our null hypothesis. If the t-calculated value is higher than the t critical values, then the alternative hypothesis is supported and the null hypothesis is rejected. But, if the t-critical value is greater than the t-calculated value, then the null hypothesis is supported and the alternative hypothesis is

Zebrafish are an ideal organism to work with, they are easily stored and the cost value isn’t very high. The Zebrafsh that were preserved and used for trials in this research took place in the setting of the University of Sydney Animal Ethics Committee. “The fish were kept at a 14 h light/8 h dark cycle at 28.5°C “ (Rinwitz) There were two microliter of purified BAC DNA, which were mixed with Transpose mRNA. The transposes mRNA was shot into the zebrafish fertilized eggs. The following day, the zebrafish eggs were examined under the “fluorescent stereomicroscope” (Rinwitz). A fairly large mount off embryos survived to become adults. “Two to three positive founder fish were identified for each modified BAC and the F1 offspring was

European Perch (perch) are greenish silver with a red pelvic, fins, and around five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides. They live in slow-flowing freshwater rivers, deep lakes and ponds, and they tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters. Young perch will feed on zooplankton and small animals living on the bottom of lakes and river, while adult perch will eat other fish. They can live for up to 22 years, and are around 25 centimeters long on average, but can sometimes grow up to 60 centimeters long. Perch live in schools, sometimes with other species of fish.

In our study, we had two separate experiments to test whether the water temperature impacts the locomotive activity of Hemigrapsus oregonensis. We modified our second trial by using water of higher temperature variations (more severe environment), removing the sand from the bottom of the tub, and introducing 5 seconds acclimation period before we started the three-minute-timer. With modifications, we recorded two absolutely opposite results from two trials: in the first trial, the data illustrated that the crabs moved a longer distance as temperature increased, but in trial two, crabs appeared to be less active and moved less as we raised the temperature. A study by Gillooly (2001) proposed that higher temperature, which is the result of higher kinetic energy of cellular components, is linked to resting metabolic rate being higher. Species with higher metabolism synthesize more ATP in their bodies, and consume more oxygen to move around. Furthermore, scientist Burggren (1997) claimed that almost all poikilothermic animals follow a similar pattern: a decrease in body temperature will result in decreasing cardiac activities. Since body temperature changes along surrounding temperature, a change in water temperature in our case will also indirectly affect the cardiac activity of H. oregonensis. The main function of cardiovascular system is oxygen and nutrient transportation. The central cardiovascular system may slow down because of a decline in temperature increase the

Oxygen is important for all aerobic organisms, especially for fish who live in the aquatic environment with routinely low dissolved oxygen (Wang et al., 2017b). Under aquaculture conditions, hypoxia can be caused by natural phenomena (e.g., weather, temperature, or water flow rate), water pollution and eutrophication, high stocking density, and improper use of aeration (Green et al., 2016; Wu, 2002; Zhang et al., 2010). In spite of the strong tolerance of catfish to low oxygen, hypoxia can still lead to huge economic losses. In channel catfish, hypoxia stress may affect the growth and yield (Burggren and Cameron, 1980; Welker et al., 2007). In addition, exposure to hypoxia can also cause depression of the immune system and increased susceptibility

Why zebrafish? The lab chose zebrafish because of its suitability as a model in conducting basic scientific research. Eric Samarut et a.l, 2015 contend that, zebrafish is a very convenient model utilized in the lab to “assay the effects of pharmacological treatments”. Such pharmacological treatment affords researchers the opportunity to investigate the role of RA pathway during embryogenesis. Moreover Zebrafishes have the following attributes as a suitable model for research: 1) Zebrafish is accessible and easy to obtain; 2) they are popular for basic research like this one ; 3) The adult zebrafish produces dozens of egg at a time and their egg-production is an all-year round affair and not bound to any particular season, once conditions

Several unique characteristics make zebrafish an attractive model for elucidating the mechanisms involved in human diseases but especially for CVD. Zebrafish embryos are transparent allowing non-invasive in vivo imaging during cardiac development. In particular, the formation of the heart chambers, cardiac contraction, blood flow and vessels are easily observed in vivo (Figure 1C-E). Also, during the first days of development, zebrafish embryos are not fully dependent upon a functional cardiovascular system, as they get sufficient oxygen by passive diffusion [61, 76]. Therefore, embryos with severe cardiovascular defects survive throughout embryogenesis facilitating the phenotypic analysis of mutations that in mammals would cause early embryonic lethality. In this way severe phenotypes concerning cardiac valve development could be studied even in the absence of blood circulation, leading to the notion that intracardiac flow

Currently, there are growing research studies within zebrafish pigmentation, neural crest development and cell migration (Rawls 2001). The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent cell that distribute different cell types such as Schwann cells, sensory, glia and pigment cells or chromatophores (Rawls 2011). The zebrafish have three different types of chromatophores: xanthophores (yellow), melanophores (black), and iridophores (silver) (Nord 2016). The zebrafish pigment pattern is divided into two stages: larval and adult pattern. The larval pattern is derived from the neural crest while the adult pigment pattern rises from specific progenitor cells after metamorphosis (Nord 2016). The progenitors of these pigment cells are known to remain multipotent

Chemicals such as antibiotics, hormones, and animal byproducts, cause serious problems to human and animal reproduction. This also leads to water quality levels to become below where they should be. One of the ways to determine the water quality is by using zebra fish as a bioindicator. If this continues to be done, this could lead to detrimental problems with the chorion of an embryo. One experiment was done to determine how much pronase could be used to partially destroy the chorion but also make sure that there is a high number of survivors. The second experiment focused on the different waters that are used for drinking and how the zebrafish embryo reacted to it when left in the water for 5 days. The results of this research suggest that

The number of cancer cases does not seem to be depleting despite the fact that science in terms of medical aspect especially and technology are becoming more advance nowadays. Even though the cure for cancer seems still out of reach, the research for it still continues. As the year progresses, cancer studies have been done in several models both in vivo (Rine, 2013) and in silico (Jeanquartier, Jean-Quartier, Cemernek, & Holzinger, 2016). These models enabled researcher and scientist to understand the systemic mechanism that occurred within a living organism.

From this graph, the smallest value is a change in 0.2g which was undertaken in the dark room with a 10% salt solution. The lack of light entering the beakers prevented the solution from increasing in temperature, and in-turn not providing kinetic energy which caused less collisions to occur. It is evident that solutions of low concentration reduce the rate of osmosis as they contain larger water potential values, consequently the transfer between hypotonic to hypertonic solutions is largely decreased. The largest value of weight diffusion was 0.5g, this was obtained using a 20% NaCl solution in full sun. The higher concentration solution contained a higher density of NaCl molecules which caused the solution to be very hypertonic, due to this low water potential, more water from inside the cell needed to be transferred out to equal the osmotic pressure.

Zebrafish is native to the southeastern Himalayan region (Burma, Nepal, India) and has its origin from the river Ganges in India. In most fish, growth (hypertrophy & hyperplasia) continues throughout life making them an important model for understanding the hormonal regulation of growth (Mommsen 2001). Zebrafish are useful in studies on the endocrinologic aspect of fish. The overall control of growth begins in the brain, although local factors in each tissues are also important. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GNRH) is synthesized in nerve cells in the brain of Zebrafish as in other vertebrates. After secretion, GHRH binds its receptor on the surface of somtotroph cells in the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone(GH), which in