The Partition Of India And Pakistan

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

Modern day Pakistan’s land has traditionally been Muslim for many years. In the early nineteenth century it was ruled by Britain and considered part of the British Indian Empire. In 1947, a partition was granted from the British, and Pakistan and India were created as their own countries. As the previous British Empire divided,

The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has been the subject of speculation and study by political scientists and historians for a number of years. The ethnic conflict seems to have been sparked at the very beginning in 1947, when the British used Muslim and Hindu mercenaries against each other before the area finally split into today’s countries of India and Pakistan (Spiegel et al. 2015, 185). The timeline since then has been full of conflicts, both major and minor. Brutal tactics used by security forces and a high rate of unemployment have added to the issue (BBC News 2016).

Imperialism swept across the world following the Industrial Revolution as trade opened up transcontinentally and capitalism became the driving economy of Europe. England expanded its influence to Africa as did Belgium and France. A scramble for Africa occurred, with England fighting for dominance over China as well. As invasions and wars began in Africa, China dealt with the British opium trade and its effect on the Chinese people. Imperialism had varying effects on these different countries and continents. In Egypt and the Indian government, it evoked feelings of nationalism in the people for their native land. Resistance was another reaction from most countries as anger towards the Western powers built in the citizens of the imperialist states. Conversely, some people and governments saw opportunity in a relationship with England and attempted to take advantage of what England could offer their homelands.

Many of these conflicts, and one that has been resolved recently, have involved the country of Pakistan over a northern Indian territory in the name of Kashmir. India turned into an atomic state in 1998 by effectively leading underground atomic tests. This was trailed by worldwide military endorses that were step by step pulled back after September 2001. As of late, India finished up an atomic manage United States that would enable the United States to supply regular citizen atomic innovation to India and atomic fuel to Indian reactors. India has received a no-first-utilize atomic strategy (New World Encyclopedia,

One thing that the world does not always acknowledge, is that many countries have actually been demanding for independence ever since the 1800’s. The partition that created Pakistan was a long and tedious process before it got approved. Before World War II, Great Britain had full control over the country of India and its resources, even though the people were demanding for self-rule for several years. At the time, India consisted of both Muslim and Hindu cultures, and the tensions between the two

The years subsequent the war, Britain kept their promise to India. In return for military labor and free access to commodities throughout the war, Britain would relinquished their hold on the territory thus, allowing it its freedom. In 1947, British India was partitioned into ‘India and Pakistan’ and soon after, was given its independence as a solitary state apart from Pakistan. Although this was what the Indian Independence Movement aspired for, violence between Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus quickly arose (Pierce). The conflict sparked what became the determining factor in the separation of the two states, independently India, and Pakistan. India and its neighboring regions were flooded with mass exodus, people who believed that a Hindu India, and a Muslim/Sikh Pakistan was the best possible way to begin independence packed their things and left, seeking the land of their religious majority. Over 14.5 million people crossed borders. Nearby in Burma (what is modern day Myanmar), Japan had invaded with the assumption that they could easily take hold of the Burmese colony, which was incredibly blessed with

The first war between India and Pakistan, which started in October 1947, was one of the first major events that led to the modern-day hatred between these two nations. British policy stated that the numerous princely states would have to

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

India and Pakistan have fought many wars over Kashmir, and owning Kashmir. India and Pakistan both want the land because it offers a lot of strategical advantage, especially for Pakistan, as they are above India (geographically). However, Pakistan does not have such a strong military force as India and therefore cannot take more than what they already have. The Pakistani’s believe that Kashmir should be part of Pakistan, because around 70% Kashmiri population is Muslim. Whereas, India believes that Kashmir is part of India and should always remain a part of India, because duringh the partition, the king of Kashmir had signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’, that stated that India has control over Kashmir. This is what they’ve believed since 1947 (the partition of India and Pakistan) and so this has been one of the longest conflicts in the United Nations, and also between the 2

The Partition of India in August, 1947 was a significant event in history that accounted for the separation of one of the world’s oldest civilization into two, independent nations – Pakistan and India. Like many other wars in history, The Partition of India was instigated by religious, political and social conflict. This resulted in violence, discrimination and the largest human displacement in contemporary history. While the Partition was well-studied, much of our understanding was focused on the political side of history, not the human side of it. This was why oral history played an important role in manifesting the complexity of a historical event. Our focus here is Maya Rani’s testimony from Butalia’s book, The Other Side of Silence:

Before the Partition of India, in 1947, India was considered a country with a reasonably peaceful history. However, during and after the Partition, sexual violence, both towards men and women, escalated, resulting in the rape and abduction of over 80,000 women. Cracking India, by Bapsi Sidhwa, tells a story that highlights these violent acts by both Muslims and Hindus, through the eyes of a disabled young Parsi girl named Lenny, who witnesses first hand the violence of Partition when she mistakenly participates in the abduction of her ayah, Shanta. Throughout Cracking India, Lenny observes as the religions involved in Partition become increasingly violent towards both men and women, within their own religions and against others.

India thinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will be under the Indian union. Because there are lots of terrorist groups are fighting against India. Pakistan is supporting them by providing materials as well as financial backing (Schofield, V. 2000).

Since the beginning, Pakistan’s two nations theory that The Hindu and Muslim cannot stay together in one umbrella, led to partition of India and birth of Pakistan. Jammu & Kashmir as an unfinished agenda of partition and consider that being Muslim majority state contiguous with its territory should be part of Pakistan. After losing three battle (in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and Kargil conflict in 1999) on the name of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir with Pakistan, they failed. Pakistan very well knows that in conventional war they will never accession Jammu and Kashmir; they approached the low conflict intensity war with India by using sub-national actors as a relatively cheap and easy way to keep Indian forces to tie down and to balance the conventional asymmetry, for which even death is a laser price to pay. Former Pakistan’s foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in a fiery speech delivered at UN Security Council, condemned India’s aggression and declared his nations intend to “fight for thousand years.” Zia’s policy took shape after General Zia-ul-Haq had deposed Bhutto in coup in July 1977, assuming the office of President of Pakistan, he embarked on a new policy to promote terrorism in India through ‘a thousand cuts in Kashmir.’ The single act has brought a conceptual change in the Terrorism warfare theory where idea terrorism has been used. Radical changes have taken place in the way in which terrorist acts could be committed against

The two South Asian neighboring countries Pakistan and India have a unmitigated record of tensions for number of assorted issues including Kashmir dispute, cross border terrorist activities,