Biochemistry Course Analysis

The more acidic a substance is the less oxygen it will produce when going through a chemical reaction. During the Lab “How Do Changes in pH Levels Affect Enzymes Activity”, the researcher conducted an experiment to test the effects that an acidic, neutral, and a base substance will have when combine it with hydrogen peroxide. The data table shows that HCL (acidic substance) barley produced any oxygen at all when it was combining with Hydrogen Peroxide. The pH level for HCL was 2.5; this level indicates that the substance was very acidic. When the H2O and NaOH were tested they produced more bubbles than HCL. NaoH produced a little more bubbles than HCL. The pH that NaoH produced was a 9, which is a base. H2O produced more bubbles than both substances;

Of the many functions of proteins, catalysis is by far the most vital. When catalysis is not present, most reactions in the biological systems take place very slowly to produce at an adequate pace for metabolising organism. The catalysts that take this role are called enzymes. Enzymes are the most efficient catalysts; they can enhance rate of reaction by up to 1020 over uncatalysed reactions. (Campbell et al, 2012).

Enzymes analysis enables scientist to look the what, why, and how of life. A majority of reactions inside to human body are endothermic, without enzymes lowering the activation energy of these reactions life would not be possible. By understanding what the optimum environments of enzymes are, specifically with sucrase, scientist can better understand enzyme kinetics. In the body thousands of enzymes help regulate and produce chemicals. One very important enzyme K-ATPase in the body help catalyze the reaction of ATP into ADP creating a free phosphate group and helping create an sodium and potassium electrochemical gradient in the body (Peluffo et al. 2004). If the body did not keep its temperature, pH, and concentration of substrate at the optimum levels enzymes would not be able to process required energy fully and the cells would start to die. Sucrose is an important aspect of life and its reduction to glucose has to be carefully controlled in photosynthesis. In the photosystem 2 stage of photosynthesis sucrose helps stabilize water so hydrogen's electrons can be taken and used to create energy (Barry and Halverson et al.2003). As the optimum environment for an enzyme is reached the need to accurately and analytically

Introduction: Cellular respiration and fermentation are used in cells to generate ATP. All cells in a living organism require energy or ATP to perform cellular tasks (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg. 162). Since energy can not be created (The first law of thermodynamics) just transformed, the cell must get its energy from an outside source (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg.162). “Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism” (Urry, Lisa A., et al., pg. 142). Cells get this energy through metabolic pathways, or metabolism. As it says in Campbell biology, “Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic pathways” (Urry, Lisa A., et al. pg.

Because nucleic acids are polymers of individual nucleotide monomers. Each nucleotide has three parts which are 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

There are thousands of chemical reactions that occur in a cell at every moment. These chemical reactions do not occur randomly, they are highly under the control of biological catalysts called enzymes. Most of these enzymes are proteins. These proteins have certain primary structures directed by

“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].

To test enzyme activity, an experiment was conducted in the laboratory. In this experiment, the enzyme Amylase was chosen because it assists disassemble the polysaccharide starch. Starch is the main energy storage in plants. Human cells need the energy of stored in the starch to be introduced in the form of Maltose. Maltose is a simple sugar that can be used to generate the energy needed to power cellular work

Chromatography is a separation technique in which the mixture to be separated is dissolved in a solvent and the resulting solution, often called the mobile phase, is then passed through or over another material, the stationary phase. The separation of the original mixture depends on how strongly each component is attracted to the stationary phase. Substances that are attracted strongly to the stationary phase will be retarded and not move alone with the mobile phase. Weakly attracted substances will move more rapidly with the mobile phase.

Protein purification is a process that can be employed to separate a single protein from a larger starting material which may be anything from an organ to a cell. Isolating a purified protein from a larger fraction enables further analysis such as determination of amino acid sequence, potential biological function, and even evolutionary relationship. (Cuatrecasas 1970) In this experiment, the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase will be purified, this enzyme is found extensively in human cells and catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, an essential part in energy production. LDH is a key part of anaerobic energy production especially within glycolysis in which LDH catalyzes the conversion of the reverse reaction, pyruvate to lactate, generating NAD+ from NADH, reproducing the oxidized form of the coenzyme which can be used for oxidative respiration. (Markert 1963) Due to the fact that number of purification steps correlates with the purity of the protein multiple purification techniques will be used to isolate a pure form of LDH. LDH will be isolated from a larger “cytosol” fraction collected from a homogenized rat liver in a previous fractionation exercise. Of the procedures that will be used to isolate and purify proteins from a larger fractionate are a set of techniques collectively known as chromatography. These techniques all have the same premise, in that they consist of a stationary phase, also known as the

Proteins are one of the key biomolecules that make up the human body and facilitate different processes and reactions in the body (Silverthorn, 2016). Proteins exist in every cell in the human body and there are many different types of proteins with specialized functions that are necessary to maintain homeostasis (Silverthorn, 2016). Enzymes are a type of protein that performs like catalysts in the cells and start specific reactions (Ira, 2009).Catalysts start or increase the rate at

Photosynthesis and respiration, the most important energetic processes occurring in the cellular membranes, are transforming one form of energy into another. Photosystems are able to transform the energy of photons into chemical energy which is stored in molecules like ATP or NADPH. Furthermore, the chemical energy of reduced compounds by oxidation processes is transformed, by the respiratory chains, also into molecules like ATP (Lodish et al., 2000, Hohmann-Marriott et al., 2011).

For the last 4.82 billion years that life has existed on earth, organisms have evolved and each different species is unique in it’s own way. Although organisms can be drastically different from one another all species require just one process to produce the energy for life. Cellular respiration needs only glucose and oxygen for the chemical process to occur in the cell mitochondria but the fact that just the energy created by cellular respiration can carry out other life processes and other bodily functions is astonishing. This essay will discuss the multitude of ways organisms get the energy for life

important role because every living organism needs proteins in order to speed up the biochemical

These four biomolecules are metabolized by the animal body. Each biomolecule is broken down in a different process. The end result of each process is the creation of usable energy for the body. This energy is used to work and generate other chemical reactions that help the body move and think. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids each provide energy to different places within the body that, in turn, stimulate other chemical reactions to occur, creating a chain reaction of chemical reactions throughout the body. The metabolization of these major