1. ADVANCE PAYMENT
This is done by way of demand draft or telegraphic transfers (now a day’s transfer through SWIFT system). This method is usually used for dealings involving small amounts and with known parties where delivery period of goods is short. This reduces the delays in getting the materials due to lesser formalities. This also saves the bank charges paid to foreign banks that are usually quite high.
2. LETTER OF CREDIT
Letter of credit or L/C is the most common mode of payment opened for import of goods by a banker at the instance of his importer customer in favour of overseas seller. A L/C of credit may be commercial or non-commercial. When it relates to a mercantile transaction, buying and selling of goods, it is called a commercial letter of credit. And when it does not relate to any mercantile transaction, but only conveys an order of the opening
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Beneficiary
The seller, who is the exporter, is the beneficiary of the L/C. The bank issuing the L/C assures the seller that the letter will be provided the relevant documents are produced that the terms and conditions set out the credit are strictly complied with
3. Negotiation bank
The negotiation bank is the bank that negotiates the bills or drafts under the L/C. Generally the same bank will act as the notifying bank and the negotiating bank.
Various stages of letter of credit
1. A credit or sales contract between seller (exporter) and buyer (importer) originate, it includes all the terms and conditions of transaction and essentials to use the facility of L/C. Usually this facility of L/C is opened in favour of exporter, so a exporter is called a beneficiary.
2. The importer applies to his bank requesting and authorizing the bank to open a L/C in favour of the exporter and pay bills drawn by the exporter under the L/C.
a) The importer is defined by the terms of the agreement between them under which the Letter of opening the credit is issued. The following documents are sent to the
d. Obtain and promptly deliver or tender to the buyer any document necessary to enable the buyer to obtain possession of the goods from the carrier.
A. Identify relevant Codification section that addresses transfers of receivables. The relevant codification section for the transfers of receivables is the following: FASB ASC 860-10-05-15. C.
The Seller is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the state of its incorporation as set forth in Schedule 2, with all requisite corporate power and authority to own, operate and lease its properties, and to carry on its business as now being conducted. The Seller is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction where the conduct of its business or the ownership of its property requires such qualification. The jurisdictions in which the Seller is qualified to do business are set forth in Schedule 2 hereto.
The company expects to deal in both import and export transactions, in a combination of documentary letter of credit and open account transactions. Its primary markets will be the United States, China, India and possibly a foray into the European Union through Ireland.
The buyer shall be notified by the seller regarding the shipment arrangement 7 days before advances, such as the trucking company. Seller shall arrange a delivery that would make sure it on time and in appropriate material or box. The seller will choose a
u. P2) This implies that the seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose exactly what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are.
Letter of guarantee is a type of commitment from the bank on behalf of its customers (buyer) to the third party (suppliers) and Promises to meet any financial obligations in case the customers fails to fulfill the requirement of the contract. The risks that Wisconsin faced when they agree to accept the letter of guarantee and ship the goods under it includes currency risk, commercial risk, risk of nonpayment.
In order to meet this condition, the identified benefit must be sufficiently separable from the recipient’s purchase of the vendor’s products such that the vendor could have entered into an exchange transaction with a party other than a purchaser of its products or services in order to receive that benefit.
• Securing low-cost financing can increase the overall profitability of a transaction for both buyer and seller TF Ch 1-15 Banks, ECAs and IFIs • Banks, financial institutions and other providers of trade finance • Export credit agencies (ECAs) • International Financial Institutions (IFIs) or multilateral programs that support confirmations of locally issued L/Cs through guarantee mechanisms The interrelationship of these organizations is key to sustaining trade TF Ch 1-16 Non-bank providers • Other trade service providers seeking to extend their value proposition • Focus on supply chain and Open Account • Couriers and shippers, such as UPS provide niche financing solutions; GE Capital is active in trade finance •
There are three importation items you must provide for your freight forwarder. They are a copy:
Must clearly specify parties that are subject to the agreement and will be legally bound by the contract. The bank and its client will exchange contracts throughout
A multi-party negotiation is when there are more than two parties at the negotiation table. Thus the bargaining is on behalf of themselves or others which creates many opportunities to generate value. As the number of people around the table increases, so does the potential to make wise trade-offs across multiple. But group negotiations are highly complex [1]. It is much easier for a negotiation to take place between only two-party though there may certain obstacles to occur but it is more likely that an agreement can be reached, unlike with a multi-party negotiation which is more complex. It is important that one doesn’t overlook the differences that exist between two-party and multiparty negotiations. The key difference is that as soon as
Negotiation is mutual decision-making process that individuals undertake when they cannot achieve their objectives single-handedly. It can be defined as a process to exchange some objects or ideas between two or more parties with the intent of making benefits for all parties (Yadav, Kohli, & Kumar, 2016). During our Negotiation Simulation week we have participated in four negotiations. All negotiations were different in nature and content. In first week of our negotiation we performed as Japanese students who had to buy second hand car from an Australian dealer. It was a collaborative or collective form of negotiation as we all were agreed on everything and there was no specific point to argue upon anything and we cracked the deal from them at a selling price of $13000 with a down payment amount of $4500. Collective bargaining happens when two or more parties consisting of groups of people act collectively. The purpose is an agreement on issues that concern the group as a whole (Pienaar & Spoelstra, 1999). Our second negotiation simulation was about a book deal, where my group was a publisher named Best Books Ltd and our opposite group performed as Jamie Oliver, the writer of the book. Here we discussed about the royalties, number of copies to be published, number of countries where book will be launched, promotional activities, profit margin, copyrights etc. At the end deal was done because
When processing more difficult letter of credit requests, I seek out opportunities to engage other associates, relationship managers, in house counsel or outside counsel to identify potential issues before the transactions are completed. Reviewing all documentation related to the L/C processes begins with the credit reports, DMS and the applications. I keep peers updated on pending items. This allows internal controls to mitigate bank risk, to ensure consistency and to prevent errors. This allows me to issue the letters of credit timely and in accordance with all standard banking practices. Always keeping in mind to adhere to the Service Level Agreement (SLA) and uphold the Key Performance Indicators (KPI). I assisted internal audit with the