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1 1 Name-Easton Walker Course-PSY-358 Date-06/03/2021 Instructor-London Development Forces and Successful Aging Survey and Research 1. Discuss the major developmental forces (biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life cycle) that influence emerging, middle and late adulthood. Share specific examples for each force, being sure to connect your thoughts directly to research. The main four developmental forces that can influence individuals in every stage of adulthood would be biological, psychological, sociocultural and life cycle. (Cavanaugh & Blanchard-Field 2015) Each of these forces will impact the individual differently and all work in tandem to shape our adulthood. Biological would be the easiest to understand. This breaks down to one’s genet- ics. This refers mostly to the physical body and how it develops. If you have good genes you can live to an old age and can age gracefully. If someone says that “cancer runs in their family” they are referring to the biological factors that can impact their adulthood. (NIH, 2020) Psychological speaks mostly to our thoughts and emotions, specifically how our thought process differs from childhood to adulthood. This is typically thought of as maturing. When someone grows or starts to change how they process emotions, they are being impacted psychologically. This also applies to how we learn from past traumas and experiences. Sociocultural forces can be looked at as how well we can conform with those around us. If the person can fit in well with society and not be looked at as childish or an outsider, they are able to follow the sociocultural norms that the so- ciety they live within have laid out for them. The final developmental force, the life cycle is a bit

2 2 of an outlier in comparison to the other three factors we have spoken about. The life cycle is a collection of expected life events that can impact how the adult handles issues. Things like hav- ing children, death and sickness are all part of the life cycle and can shape the person in many ways. 2. Describe the current research methods for studying adult aging. Discuss the main approaches for measuring behavior, including strengths and weak- nesses for each. There are several different methods that researchers are now using to try and develop a better understanding of how to research adult aging. Some of the main designs for gathering and researching this information would be cross-sectional designs, longitudinal designs, and sequential designs. Cross-sectional designs are utilized when researchers look at differences between different ages. This does not take into account when someone’s age changes though. (Cavanaugh & Blanchard-Field 2015) This brings up a few weaknesses in the structure of the design, as the individual is only tested, and data is only gathered at one point in the person’s life. That being said, when the parties that are being researched have vast differences in age, this can provide useful information as to the differences between significant age groups. In a direct contrast to the cross-sectional designs, longitudinal take a longsuffering approach and follow a subject for an extended period of time, noting the changes and growth. This is typically done with repeated testing over years, and documentation of the changes in results. There are a few strengths that this type of research has, one of the main positives being that there is direct data from a constant variable, and it is plain to see how the subject changes with age. One of the biggest weaknesses would be the length of time that these research designs take. Having to span over long periods of time (often years) these designs are expensive and harder to maintain in

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