The belief that rare mutations within a single cell allow it bypass growth barriers to become cancerous is called: Question 10 options: mutator hypothesis passenger mutations genomic instability driver mutations oncogenic stress
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Question 10 options:
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mutator hypothesis
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passenger mutations
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genomic instability
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driver mutations
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oncogenic stress
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Solved in 2 steps
- Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressedBenign tumors: a. are noncancerous growths that do not spread to other tissues b. do not contain mutations c. are malignant and clonal in origin d. metastasize to other tissues e. none of theseYou are in charge of a new gene therapy clinic. Two cases have been referred to you for review and possible therapy. Case 1. A mutation in the promoter of a proto-oncogene causes the gene to make too much of its normal product, a receptor protein that promotes cell division. The uncontrolled cell division has caused cancer. Case 2. A mutation in an exon of a tumor-suppressor gene makes this gene nonfunctional. The product of this gene normally suppresses cell division. The mutant gene cannot suppress cell division, and this has led to cancer. What treatment options can you suggest for each case?
- Mutations that eliminate the function of a protein are generally associated with: missense changes in a small number of codons in a gene mutations creating UGA, UAA or UAG sequences in introns base pair changes that occur within the promoter of a gene activating mutations in proto-oncogenes that cause growth mutations in tumor suppressor genes that lead to cancer A scientist is doing a PCR experiment where she is using PCR primers where the 5' ends have a radioactive phosphorus atom (33P) on them. After performing 30 cycles of amplification, where will the radioactivity be found? Assume that the polymerase used has no exonuclease activity. choose one or more1-free nucleotides2-unused primers3-in the PCR products When you send your saliva sample to 23andMe, they: identify the bases at one of over half a million places in your genome break the DNA using special enzymes and measure the sizes on gels…Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such a familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply Group of answer choices None of the other answers effectively describes the situation If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor geneWhich of the following statements describing mutations causing cancer is false? Group of answer choices They are mostly inherited mutations They are common in cells that are highly regulated by hormones They can be induced by infectious agents
- A question that puzzled scientists was that how chemical carcinogens caused cancer. The experiment given below was done to solve this question. Explain the experiment done and its conclusion. formation of a focus of morphologically transformed cells normal chemically transformed mouse fibroblasts DNA DNA - injection of morphologically transformed cells into mouse fibroblasts transfection using calcium phosphate co-precipitation procedure mouse host tumor Figure 4.1 The Biology of Cancer (O Garland Science 2014) HEMutagens, when introduced to the body can always cause cancer. Is this statement true? Select the correct response: No. Mutagens do not necessarily, directly equate to the cause of cancer. A cancer is usually caused by a substance called carcinogen that increases the probability of inducing a tumor. Mutagens can be limited to the result of spontaneous or induced mutations that causes changes and/or errors in the coding and reading of the DNA strand and in the genetic make- up of the organism involved. Though some mutagens are considered as carcinogens, not all mutagens can lead to cancer. Yes. The terms can be used interchangeably even in the medical field. Yes. Mutagens does equate to the cause of cancer. A cancer is usually caused by a substance called carcinogen that increases the probability of inducing a tumor. However, mutagens is not only limited to the result of spontaneous or induced mutations that causes changes and/or errors in the coding and reading of the DNA strand and in…You are evaluating a patient with Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and his biopsy pathology report reveals a defect in some TSGs involved in DNA mismatch repair, which of these genes is least likely to be implicated in this patients cancer? Group of answer choices SMAD4 MSH2 MLH1 PMS1
- Our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? What is an oncogene? How does if differ from a proto-oncogene? Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formationWhich of the following usually has a function dealing with inspecting newly replicated DNA for errors? proto-oncogenes oncogenes telomerase tumor suppressorsImagine that you are a scientist who wants to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying cancer. Match each of the experiments with the model oryanism that would best help build foundational knowledge for understanding cancer in humans. Mus musculus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Arabidopsis thaliana Answer Bank determining how radiation affects growth in the presonce of a mutated IRCAI oritolog anensing viability and analyring tumor development in transgenic lines containing BRCA/ and BRCA2 mutations analyring how analogous cancer-oontrolling genes and ultraviolet B (UV-B) adaptive loci are selated to stress esponses stimulating and inhibiting cell division cycle penes to determine the effect on cell proliferation