Adipose tissue

Adipose Tissue: Overview of Physiological Functions Hong Lan Huang, 1296959 Abstract With increasing number of obese people in the world, people tend to have more interests in body fat other than its basic structure. Many people often struggle to lose weight in order to have perfect body shape, or to prevent obesity induced chronic diseases. Failure to prevent excess of body weight in one’s body might result to life threat diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart diseases. Before

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is derived from the mesenchymal precursor cell which also seems to give rise to muscle . BATis located mainly around the neck, paravertebral sites, kidneys and large blood vessels of the thorax. As previously mentioned above, Marcus (1988), demonstrated that TSH induced lipolysis in BAT from newborns and infants but this declined with age. Recent studies have profiled different layers of BAT in adults, particularly in the neck and between the shoulder blades (Nedergaard

I. Adipose tissue plays an important role in the maintenance of weight through the release of adipokine hormones. These hormones include leptin and adiponectin. a. Leptin is a satiety hormone produced by the obesity gene in adipose tissue that controls appetite and energy expenditure (Feng et al, 2013). i. Leptin maintains energy levels and helps to prevent obesity. ii. It affects the hypothalamus through negative feedback, to control appetite and energy expenditure, with elevated blood levels in

cells in adipose tissue, the tissue responsible for storing excess fat, may be the key to understanding and treating the modern obesity epidemic. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and their secreted type 2 cytokines have been strongly linked to the metabolic regulation of adipose tissue and promotion of thermogenesis, however the specific mechanisms of this pathway are unknown. The research presented here outlines the examination of how ILC2s and related immune cells are

subcutaneous adipose cells, such an activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may promote preferential fat deposition in the visceral adipose depot while at the same time inducing insulin resistance in the liver and in the skeletal muscle.74 Other possibly important key players are gonadal steroids. Indeed, very informative

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic, complex disease that has become a worldwide health crisis. According to the World Health Organization over 422 million people in the world had this disease in 2014 (1), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in the United States alone 29 million people had diabetes in 2014 (2). While the genetic predisposition contributing to the diabetes phenotype is not fully understood to date it still remains an area of active research. There are also various

Thus, an alternate approach is to target energy metabolism11-19 due to the fact that obesity results when energy storage in the adipose tissue exceeds its expenditure20. However, due to the complexity of adipose tissue21, the fundamental

Inflammation is significant as the causative path via which obesity predisposes women to pre-eclampsia. Abnormal adipokine production and infiltration of inflammatory cells portray adipose tissue de-function. Visceral fat produces more C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines compared to subcutaneous fat, furthermore it donates more to oxidative stress(114).Obesity and insulin resistance are inflammatory conditions, portrayed by greater than before production of proinflammatory cytokines besides

with increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation in both men and women. This review suggests that the excess risk of atrial fibrillation associated with obesity may be caused by the left atrial remodeling and enlargement caused by the excess adipose tissue, hemodynamic overload, and adipokines inflammatory response. This data raises the possibility that interventions to promote normal weight may reduce the burden of atrial fibrillation in the current and future population. A few of the recognized

regulate metabolism and inflammatory responses in the body (Singla et al. 2010). Obese individuals characteristically have excess adipose tissue, which results in the overproduction of these signalling molecules, disturbing communication pathways. (Singla et al. 2010). For example, non-essential fatty acids (NEFAs) and the hormone resistin, both secreted by adipose tissue, are overproduced by obese individuals; excess NEFAs and resistin results in suppression of insulin activity in metabolic pathways