Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 27.2, Problem 1SB
What is the evidence that the metamonads, which lack mitochondria, derive from ancestors that had mitochondria rather than from ancestors that were in lineages that never contained mitochondria?
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Under the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell. The ancestor of mitochondria and chloroplasts original became part of mutualism with a larger host cell. Which of the following best explains this mutualism?
A) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided specialized reproduction as part of the proto-germ line while the larger host cell provided energy for growth and reproduction.
B) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided gene products that could be used by the larger host cell for improved parasitization.
C) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided molecular energy in return for protection by the larger host cell.
D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts produce toxins that the larger cell utilized to defend itself from other cells mutually increasing the defense of all those involved.
1. Why was the great oxygenation event important for mitochondrial development?
a) In your own words, define symbiotic.
2. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain a circular DNA chromosome, and ribosomes. Why does this evidence support the theory of endosymbiosis as the mechanism for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
a) Today, could mitochondria live independently of their eukaryotic cell host? Give two pieces of evidence to support your answer.
a) Describe some characteristics and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.b) How do the three domains of life differ from one another?c) Two of the organelles in eukaryotes, the mitochondrion and the chloroplast are believed to haveoriginated through a process of symbiosis. Discuss some of the theories of the origins ofmitochondria and chloroplasts
Chapter 27 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 27.1 - What distinguishes protists from prokaryotes? What...Ch. 27.2 - What is the evidence that the metamonads, which...Ch. 27.2 - In primary endosymbiosis, a nonphotosynthetic...Ch. 27 - Which of the following is a characteristic of...Ch. 27 - Which of the following is not found among the...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 27 - When Paramecium conjugate: a. cytoplasmic division...Ch. 27 - The group Diplomonadida is characterized by: a. a...Ch. 27 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 27 - Prob. 7TYK
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- The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts from gram-negative prokaryotes is supported by all of the following lines of evidence except: the presence of enzymes for the light-dependent and the dark reactions of photosynthesis the presence of circular DNA resembling that of photosynthetic eubacteria the presence of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA similar to that of the cyanobacteria their use of mitosis rather than binary fission during cell division the presence of 70s ribosomes, consisting of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunitsarrow_forwardHow can the hypothesis that asserts that chloroplasts as well as mitochondria were primitive prokaryotes that associated in mutualism with primitive anaerobic eukaryotic cells be corroborated?arrow_forwardWhat role did the increase of atmospheric oxygen by prokaryotes play in the development of the endosymbiotic relationship between protoeukaryotes and mitochondria?arrow_forward
- The theory of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts was first proposed by the biologist Lynn Which of the following statements provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis? 1. All the genes found in chloroplasts are homologous to genes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell. 2. Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes. 3. Proteins need a targeting sequence to be imported into a chloroplast. 4. Mitochondria can generate a proton gradient and harness it to synthesize ATP. O A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.arrow_forwardGiardia is a protozoan parasite that lacks mitochondria. Based on the figure below, what could be the explanation for this. Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardVolvox carteri, an volvocine alga, has approximately 2000 somatic cells and only 16 reproductive or germ line cells. The observation that multicellular individuals, like Volvox, have a much smaller subset of germ line cells compared to somatic cells appears to be general rule. Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for why this is the case? A) Organisms can biologically only contain a small number of germ line cells as they are always larger than somatic cells. B) Multicellular individuals with a germ line vs. somatic cell line differentiation only evolved a single time, thus all members of this lineage share the same scheme of more soma cells with a much smaller subset of germ line cells. C) Having a smaller subset of reproductive cells helps reduce the likelihood of cheating from evolving, which in turns prevents the collapse of the multicellular individual system. D) None of the above.arrow_forward
- What evidence supports the idea that the mitochondrion andchloroplast were once free-living members of the domainBacteria?arrow_forwardDescribe the features of mitochondria and chloroplasts that support the endosymbiotic theory.arrow_forwardDNA sequence data for a diplomonad, a euglenid, a plant, and an unidentified protist suggest that the unidentified species is most closely related to the diplomonad. Further studies reveal that the unknown species has fully functional mitochondria. Based on these data, at what point on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 did the mystery protist’s lineage probably diverge from other eukaryote lineages? Explain.arrow_forward
- Name three facts that show that mitochondria have bacterial origins.arrow_forwardIn the late 1960s (and since), Lynn Margulis (and others) provided considerable evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of various organelles in eukaryotic cells.What is the endosymbiotic theory? Which two eukaryotic organelles were proposed to have arisen as endosymbionts? What evidence did Margulis present to support each organelle as an endosymbiont?arrow_forwardHow did the evolution of oxygen-releasing photosynthesis in cyanobacteria increase the likelihood that mitochondria would one day evolve?arrow_forward
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