You recently got strep throat, caused by streptococcal bacteria. You took antibiotics, and your strep throat seemed to be cured. However, a week later, the symptoms of strep throat are back and the antibiotics are no longer effective. The survival of the antibiotic-resistant streptococcal bacteria can be attributed to Genetic Frequency Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Stochastic Events Natural Selection
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- Because of overuse of antibiotics and/or weakened governmental surveillance of infectious disease, several diseasesthat had been thought to be no longer a threat to humanhealth (e.g., pneumonia and tuberculosis) are rapidly becoming unmanageable. In several instances, so-called superbugs(microorganisms that are resistant to almost all known antibiotics) have been detected. How did this circumstancearise? What will happen if this process continues?Suppose that the health department of city A mounts a suc-cessful campaign to get children immunized against measles.Only 100 out of 10,000 children fail to receive the vaccine. Nowsuppose that city B, the same size as city A, has not carried out asuccessful measles vaccination program. Of the 10,000 childrenin city B, 5,000 had measles when the disease last struck thepopulation.(a) If a child with measles moves to city A, what is thechance that child will encounter a susceptiblechild?(b) If a child with measles moves to city B, what isthe chance that child will encounter a susceptiblechild?(c) Comparing the two scenarios, which city has thehigher herd immunity, and in which city is aninfected child more likely to transmit the diseaseto a susceptible child?The worldwide spread ofmultidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenicbacteria has becomean urgent threat to human and animalhealth. More than two million people inthe United States become infected withantibiotic-resistant bacteria each year, andmore than 23,000 of them will die fromtheir infections. In 2015, approximately480,000 cases of MDR tuberculosisoccurred worldwide and another 100,000cases were resistant to at least one antibiotic.In the United States, cases of drugresistantenterobacteriaceae infectionsincreased three-fold between 2001 and2012. In 2016, a woman in Nevada died ofa Klebsiella pneumoniae infection caused bya strain that was resistant to 26 differentantibiotics, including colistin, which is consideredthe “last resort” antibiotic.One factor leading to the spread ofMDR bacteria is the selective pressurebrought about by repeated exposure toantibiotics. Worldwide, livestock consume used as feed supplements. The routineuse of antibiotics in livestock feed and theoveruse of human…
- Number of Bacteria X Temperature (°C) At the After 1 After 2 After 3 beginning day days days 6. 8. 12 15 48 187 15 27 126 678 (a) What is the relationship between the temperature and the rate at which the Bacteria X reproduces? (b) When the number of Bacteria X increases, it causes food to turn bad and cannot be eaten. Based on the results above, what can Rose do to preserve food for a longer period of time? Explain your answer.The epidemic that infected Europe, North Africa, and theMiddle East and killed tens of millions of people was known asthe Black Death. The disease was caused by:(a) Smallpox (d) Anthrax(b) Bubonic plague (e) Swine flu(c) Breathing of foul airAt a recent trip to the drug store, your pharmacist informs you that the flu vaccines are in. You fear the risk of getting the flu because you've had it before and it wasn't a pleasant experience. You proceed to get the vaccinated for the flu. Which of the following statements regarding your recent vaccination is true? O The vaccine you received protects you from every strain of the flu. O The vaccine you received protects you from the strain of bacteria which scientists believe will be common in the upcoming "flu season". O The vaccine you received protects you from the virus which scientists believe will be common in the upcoming "flu season". O The vaccine won't be effective because you've had the flu in the past and are immune to it.
- It appears that infection by Plasmodium is negative for Anopheles. We also showed in class that the mosquito immune system can be upregulated to limit or terminate Plasmodium infection of these mosquitoes. So why don’t we see natural selection to upregulate the mosquito’s immune system and get rid of that parasite? Best explanation. Upregulating the immune system comes at the cost of shortening life span and thus (most probably) reproductive success Having a Plasmodium infection is negative for the mosquito, but it protects against much worse pathogens Upregulation of the immune system in Plasmodium leads to more rapid development of Plasmodium, causing even greater problems for Anopheles Statement is wrong. This upregulation was done with genetic engineering in a lab. Alleles to do something like that do not exist in natureIt’s late summer and a new influenza virus strain has appeared in chickens across the country.It’s an H1N1 strain of Influenza A, like the Spanish flu that caused one of the deadliest pandemics in humanhistory, back in 1918. In that case too it started as an avian flu that mutated and jumped directly from birdsto humans.You are a researcher at the NIH and the President gives you 24 hours to predict the chances that this couldturn into the next “Spanish flu”. They also ask you to present a plan for a vaccine that will specifically targetthis new strain.The full sequence of the Spanish flu virus is available and is also known which mutations where key toconfer it both high infectivity and high virulence. Also the frequency of mutations of this family of viruses isknown.Samples of the new strain currently infecting chickens are also available to you.You are at the NIH laboratories in Bethesda, MD, and you have infinite resources (equipment and staff) atyour disposal.Remember: Influenza…Which of the following factors in today’s world make it dif-ficult to keep disease-causing microorganisms in check from ahealth point of view?(a) Lack of a balanced distribution of wealth(b) Increased and quick world travel(c) Encroachment of humans into virgin jungles(d) Antibiotic-resistant bacteria(e) All of the above
- It was not until 1928 that penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Penicillin heralded the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever. Hospitals were full of people with blood poisoning contracted from a cut or a scratch, and doctors could do little for them but wait and hope. 1. What is the mechanism of action of penicillin? 2. Cells treated with penicillin do not die immediately, so how this antibiotic is effective? 3. Why penicillin is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria? 4. Explain penicillin resistance mechanisms among bacteria today and the causes why they gained this resistance and making this great life-saving drug not usable anymore.Human beings carry a diverse community of bacterial species in their large intestine, including Escherichia coli strains that rarely cause disease in healthy people. The normal bacterial flora outcompetesany foreign bacterial species passing through the system. Based on these facts, is it understandable that antibiotics taken for a sore throat might cause intestinal discomfort?partor the normal mlcroblota tnroughout one's life. Bacteria that have a parasitic relationship with their human host. Question 3 A patient suffers from conjunctivitis due to E. coll moving from the colon to the eye. What type of Infection does this describe? O An opportunistic infection that is the result of introducing normal flora into an unusual site in the body. O Aresident infection that is the result of introducing normal flora into an unusual site in the body. O An opportunistic infection that is the result of suppressing the immune system. O Atraditional infection tthat is the result of introducing normal flora into an unusual site in the body. Question 4 mobility-print-cli.msi mobility-print-cli.. IMG 6845.jpg MacBook Air