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- Gram negative cell walls contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a unique component. All of the following apply to LPS EXCEPT O LPS is composed of mycolic acids that protect the cell from phagocytosis LPS is a PAMP that can be recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRS) as a foreign molecule fo rphagocytosis O LPS can be a target for specific IgG for ADCC-opsonization LPS can be recognized by B cells in the aosence of MHC molecules All of the answers apply, no exception O LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram negative cellsA patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers applyCytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of O CD4 O CD8 O CD19 O All of the choices are correct. QUESTION 94 Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have O resistance to the action of penicillinase. an expanded spectrum of activity. O a beta-lactam ring. O a semisynthetic nature. O All of the choices are correct. QUESTION 95 The transfer of antibodies in breast milk is a good example of O naturally acquired active immunity. O naturally acquired passive immunity. O artificially acquired active immunity. O artificially acquired passive immunity.
- The H-precursor of ABO blood group system consists of proteins on to which sugar molecules are attached to. Which among the 4 sugar molecules given below is not present in the H-precursor of O-antigen Fucose N-acetyl glucosamine Galactose ON-acetyl galactosamine Next79 55. One week after a cadaveric kidney allograft, a 45-year-old man develops a fever. He has a 24-hour urine output of 100 mL and a serum creatinine concentration of 3.5 these cells, IL-2 receptor is a useful marker of which of the following cellular processes? mg/dL. A renal biopsy specimen shows an infiltrate of CD3+ T lymphocytes that are positive for interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (CD25) on immunocytochemical testing. For A) Activation B) Differentiation C) Ontogenic development OD) SenescenceThe progressive loss of cardiac myocytes due to cell death has been associated with cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Which of the following would lead to a significant loss of cardiac myocytes? Select all that apply Treatment of rapamycin which results in inhibition of mTOR activity Prolonged or severe ER stress with increased accumulation of unfolded proteins Activation of AMPK and phosphorylation of the TSC1 complex mTOR activation and phosphorylation of Ulk1
- The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T cell receptor, which consists of an antigen-binding αβ transmembrane protein as well as a set of transmembrane signaltransducing proteins known as CD3 that are targets of NRTKs. Thecytoplasmic domains of the CD3 proteins are positively charged and, in the absence of antigen, interact with the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane in such a way that buries several of their Tyr residues in the lipidbilayer. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor leads to a localized infl ux ofCa2+ ions. (a) Explain how a high concentration of Ca2+ could promote phosphorylation and activation of the CD3 proteins. (b) Would this henomenon make the T lymphocyte more or less responsive to the antigen?How does HbS aggregation occur in sickle-cell anemia? Place the steps in the correct order. Note that deoxyhemoglobin is in the T state; oxyhemoglobin is in the R state. No aggregation R state Hb shifts to T state Hb. Sickled red blood cell Answer Bank Val interacts with the pocket of a ß chain on another HbS. Additional T state HbS interact with the growing aggregate to form an insoluble fiber. [0₂] decreases due to vigorous exercise or high altitude.G-protein-coupled receptors on phagocytes link microbe recognition with increased efficiency of intracellular killing. The NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) test is used to diagnose the genetic disorder Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). To perform this test, peripheral blood cells from the patient are stimulated with bacterial extracts, and then incubated with the NBT compound. Normal neutrophils turn blue in this test due to cleavage of the compound, while patient neutrophils remain uncolored, as shown in Figure below. Name a neutrophil receptor that is likely to be stimulated by the bacterial extract in this assay, and describe how this receptor regulates the activity of the enzyme that cleaves NBT.
- True/False: Neutrophils regulate the production of active cathelicidins (a class of antimicrobial peptides) by segregating the inactive propeptide from the processing enzyme that cleaves and activates it in two different types of cytoplasmic granules. These two types of granules are induced to fuse with phagosomes after ingestion of microbes, bringing the processing enzyme and the propeptide together.Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) proteins regulate cell death. Bcl-2 prevents Bax/Bak oligomerization and inactivates these proteins. In which of the following pathways would Bcl-2 proteins play an important role? Necrosis Autophagy Extrinsic apoptotic pathway O Intrinsic apoptotic pathwayIndividuals or mice with defects in the biochemical pathways needed for loading peptides onto MHC molecules show greatly increased susceptibility to virus infections. Experiments examining the MHC molecules present on the surface of host cells in these individuals would show: Normal numbers of MHC molecules expressed on host cells, but no peptides bound to them. Very low levels of total MHC proteins expressed on the cell surface. Normal numbers of MHC proteins on the surface but all of them bound to self-peptides not pathogen peptides. Very high levels of total MHC proteins expressed on the cell surface. Only virus-infected cells expressing high levels of MHC proteins on the cell surface.
