please give answer asap Why does complement only rarely kill host cells?Soluble RCAS, most act at or near C3 convertase amplification- Cl inhibitor: (causes C1r2s2 to dissociate from C1q)- Factor H (blocks formation of C3 convertase)- Factor I (cleaves C3b/C4b)- C4b binding protein (blocks C3 convertase formation)S protein: blocks C5b67 membrane insertion "bystander lysis"Membrane bound RCAS, all broadly impact the three complement pathwaysComplement receptor 1 (CR1): Blocks C3 convertase formation on hostmembranesDecay accelerating factor (DAF): Breaks apart C3 convertasesHomologous restriction factor (HRF/MIRL): Blocks C9 binding to MAC

There are three complement system activation pathways: classical, alternative, lectin main steps…

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Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14RE

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Which activities by knocking out the following genes: Formation of classical pathway C3 convertase Formation of alternative pathway C3 convertase Formation of classical pathway C5 convertase Formation of lectin pathway C3 convertase C3b-mediated opsonization Neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammation Cell lysis will be inhibited C1q Complement component knocked out C5 C3 Factor B C4 C9 MASP-2
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Group of answer choices -Natural killer cells are cytolytic lymphocytes that mediate ADCC -Neutrophils carry out phagocytosis of C3b-tagged particles -Macrophages carry out phagocytosis of C3b-tagged particles -Mast cells produce granules containing the cytotoxin perforin -B lymphocytes express a receptor for complement proteins
b) Figure 14 shows a part of acquired immune response. Pathogen P Antigen fragments MHC Antigen гесeptor. CD4 Helper T cell Activated helper T cell Figure 14 i) Describe the above process. II) Why do O and P have different pathways for antigen processing although the same antigen is identified? iii) What are the effects on P when activated helper T cell releases Q7
Which of the following proteins downregulates the classical complement cascade by breaking up the C3 convertase into individual C4b and C2a units? O Protectin (CD59) O Lectin O C1 Esterase Inhibitor O Decay Accelerating Factor (CD55) O MASP
Splitting the complement protein (C3) into C3a and C3b as a result of contact with the Fc region of antibodies coating a bacterium illustrates the onset of which of the following ? Choose from the following: (A) classical pathway of complement activation (B) alternate pathway of complement activation
C3 Why is C3 tested on all complement components? What are the three complement pathways used by the body? How is each activated? What are processes involved in each pathway that leads to cell lysis?
Which of the following complement components are generated during the classical pathway and bind independently to the membrane surface promoting immune adherence and opsonizing effects? C3b O C3d O C1q O C2
Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound complement proteins. Even when the complement cascade fails to proceed beyond generating the C3 convertase, complement activation is effective at inducing pathogen uptake and destruction. This process of immune protection is mediated by: Activation of complement inhibitory receptors on phagocytes that promote pathogen uptake Activation of soluble proteases in the serum that disrupt pathogen membranes Engagement of complement receptors on phagocytes by C3b and its cleavage products which promotes phagocytosis Engagement of complement receptors on B cells that promotes antibody production Stimulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion by phagocytes
Clinical Application: Immune System and Autoimmunity Disease Lymphocytes may be involved in two major types of responses to the presence of potentially threatening foreign substances. In anti- body-mediated immunity, B lymphocytes may produce antibodies that react with specific antigens on an invading cell or molecule. In cell-mediated immunity, T lymphocytes secrete lymphokines that signal other immune responses and often destroy antigen- containing cells directly. The antibody-antigen reactions associated with immune responses have been used by clinical biologists for years. Several examples are given. Think about each example and answer the questions. 1. Biologists often use antibodies to test for the presence of certain antigens in a particular substance. In Lab Exercise 33- Hormones and Lab Exercise 34-Blood, you witnessed demon- strations of this technique. For each antigen listed, indicate the substance tested (e.g., blood, urine) and give a brief summary of the…
What is the only known effect of deficiencies in complement components C5–C9? Explain this effect.
Which of the following are opsonins? Group of answer choices interleukins histamine oleic acid complements C3b and C4b
Which of the following leads to the redness of inflammation? increased vascular permeability anaphylactic shock increased blood flow complement activation

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