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granzyme |
CD95 |
perforin |
IL-4 |
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- The cofactors CR1 and C4BP cooperate with decay-accelerating factors (DAFs) to accelerate: the breakdown of the membrane attack complex. the inflammatory response. formation of more C5 convertase. the breakdown of the C4b2a complex into its separate components. O O O OCyclosporin A and rapamycin are each used as T cell immunosuppressants. They share the property of binding to immunophilin molecules in T cells as the initial step in their mechanisms of action. However, in the case of cyclosporin A, the drug:immunophilin complex binds to and inhibits the protein phosphatase calcineurin, whereas the rapamycin:immunophilin complex binds to and inhibitors mTOR. As a consequence, Cyclosporin A, but not rapamycin, blocks cytokine production by T cells. Both cyclosporin A and rapamycin block cytokine production by T cells. Rapamycin, but not cyclosporin A, blocks T cell proliferation. Neither rapamycin nor cyclosporin A block T cell proliferation. Both cyclosporin A and rapamycin inhibit co-stimulatory signaling through CD28 on T cells.The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T cell receptor, which consists of an antigen-binding αβ transmembrane protein as well as a set of transmembrane signaltransducing proteins known as CD3 that are targets of NRTKs. Thecytoplasmic domains of the CD3 proteins are positively charged and, in the absence of antigen, interact with the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane in such a way that buries several of their Tyr residues in the lipidbilayer. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor leads to a localized infl ux ofCa2+ ions. (a) Explain how a high concentration of Ca2+ could promote phosphorylation and activation of the CD3 proteins. (b) Would this henomenon make the T lymphocyte more or less responsive to the antigen?
- "Gamma-delta' T cells differ from 'alpha-beta' T cells by all of the following except O alpha-beta cells are more commonly found in skin and other tissues, while gamma-delta cells are primarily in lymph nodes. gamma-delta cells undergo more hypermutation for their receptor genes. gamma-delta cells respond more with non-peptide antigens, especially phospholipids. O production of an effector response occurs more rapidly in alpha-beta T cells.Gram negative cell walls contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a unique component. All of the following apply to LPS EXCEPT O LPS is composed of mycolic acids that protect the cell from phagocytosis LPS is a PAMP that can be recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRS) as a foreign molecule fo rphagocytosis O LPS can be a target for specific IgG for ADCC-opsonization LPS can be recognized by B cells in the aosence of MHC molecules All of the answers apply, no exception O LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram negative cellsCytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of O CD4 O CD8 O CD19 O All of the choices are correct. QUESTION 94 Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have O resistance to the action of penicillinase. an expanded spectrum of activity. O a beta-lactam ring. O a semisynthetic nature. O All of the choices are correct. QUESTION 95 The transfer of antibodies in breast milk is a good example of O naturally acquired active immunity. O naturally acquired passive immunity. O artificially acquired active immunity. O artificially acquired passive immunity.
- There are several important mechanisms for generating diversity in immunoglobulin and T cell receptors. Explain the similarities and differences in mechanisms that generates diversity in these receptors.The production of antimicrobial peptides is one of the most evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of defense for multicellular organisms, and most eukaryotic species make many different forms of these proteins. For instance, human paneth cells in the gastrointestinal epithelium make 21 different defensins. The reason for this diversity of antimicrobial peptides is: Epithelial cells make different forms than those made by neutrophils. Neutrophils make many different defensins and store them as inactive proteins in their secretory granules. Most of them are produced only in response to infection. The production of different peptides is induced following a bacterial infection versus a fungal infection. Each one has distinct activities against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, or fungi.The current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.
- Provide me the structure of Immunoglobulin g by images -Immunoglobulin g secondary & Immunoglobulin g TertiaryAn injection contains 5 million international units (MIU) of interferon alpha-n3 (ALFERON N) proteins per milliliter. The recommended dose is 0.05 mL. The literature states that the activity of interferon alpha-n3 is approximately equal to 2.6 × 108international units/mg of protein. Calculate (a) the number of international units and (b) the micrograms of interferon alfa-n3 proteins administered per dose.Although homozygous deficiencies in complement regulatory proteins cause serious diseases, more subtle alterations in the balance of complement activation versus inhibition have been found to contribute to disease susceptibility. Describe the genetic evidence linking subtle alterations in complement regulatory proteins to disease susceptibility.