Which of the following is incorrect about protein kinase A (PKA)? a. It is activated by the 2nd messenger b. None; all the other choices are correct C. It has catalytic and regulatory subunits Od. Phosphorylations catalyzed by PKA can be reversed by protein phosphatases
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- Which of the following statements about G proteins is correct? O A. G proteins bind hormones. O B. G proteins bind receptor tyrosine kinases. O C. G proteins are heterodimers. O D. G proteins phosphorylate protein kinase A (PKA). O E. G proteins bind adenylate cyclase Which of the following steps does NOT require ATP? O A. Conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate O B. Conversion of malate to pyruvate O C. Conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate O D. Activation of hormone sensitive lipase by PKA O E. Inactivation of glycogen synthase by PKA is an intermediate metabolite linkage between carbohydrate and fat metabolism. O A. Malate O B. Oxaloacetate O C. Glucose 6-P D. Acetyl CoA O E. Malonyl COAWhich of the following are activated either directly or indirectly by a heterotrimeric G protein subunit (select all that apply)? O IP, receptor O PIP3-dependent protein kinase O Protein Kinase A O Akt O Phospholipase C O Adenylyl cyclase O Phosphoinositide 3-kinaseMany proteins inside cells are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Imagine a metabolic reaction for which the enzyme is completely active (ON) when not phosphorylated and completely inactive when phosphorylated (OFF). -PO4-3 0 Enz A kinase phosphatase Enz A OFF ON A. What molecule is typically the source of the phosphate group that is transferred to this enzyme by the kinase? B. Inside the cell, the rate of the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme can vary continuously between very fast and very slow (or zero). How is it that the reaction in the cell can vary in this way, whereas an individual enzyme molecule is either ON or OFF?
- An active Gai ultimately prevents production of its pathways second messengers, which means those second messengers are unable to activate the enzyme O phospholipase C O protein kinase A O adenylyl cyclase phosphodiesterase protein kinase CWhich of the following enzymes does NOT catalyzes the formation a second messenger? A. PI3K B. Protein kinase C C. Phospholipase C D. Guanylyl cyclase Which of the following statements is correct? A. Lipolysis is inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon B. Phosphorylation of triacylglycerol lipase inhibits its activity C. Activation of protein kinase A inhibits lipolysis D. Fatty acids are activated in mitochondria before undergoing b-oxidation E. Lipolysis is stimulated by cAMP F. None of the aboveWhen protein kinase A (PKA) is inactive, which of the following statements is true? ATP is bound to the regulatory subunit to inhibit subunit dissociation. CAMP is bound to the catalytic site to inhibit the regulatory subunit. The regulatory subunit has cyclic GMP bound in place of cyclic AMP. The intrinisic pseudosubstrate peptide is bound to the active site.
- All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT: Kinases use ATP to add a phosphate to specific residues of target proteins. In muscle cells, active PKA leads to glycogen synthesis O PKA catalytic domains must be released by the regulatory domains before they are active CAMP binds the regulatory subunits of PKA Removal of phosphate groups can take place by specific phosphatase enzymes O PKA is a Ser/Thr kinase.Describe the protein kinase cascade stimulated by epinephrine in liver cells or by insulin in muscle cells. How can it go wrong? What happens if it goes wrong? Explain the usefulness of protein kinase cascades and mechanisms to shut them down. Please give explanations for every step of this pathway. Define all technical terms you use.Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.
- A signaling molecule M is active when it is phosphorylated (M-P). The M-P has downstream target molecules in nucleus. Provide a possible mechanism by which M does its jobPKA is activated after its regulatory subunit is dissociated from the catalytic subunit. Select one: O True O False Neurotransmitters of inhibitory signal makes the membrane potential more positive. Select one: O True O False Hydrophobic signals after binding to the cell-surface receptors activate downstream signal transduction proteins inside the cells. Select one: O True O FalsePay close attention to the information related to figure 3.14a and the structure of the PKA catalytic site in this figure. In a few well-written sentences, propose the following: A mutation that would result in PKA becoming a dead kinase*. A mutation that would result in PKA becoming a constitutively active** kinase.