What specific molecule gives rise to the stability and fluidity of the membrane and what are the biochemical properties of this molecule that cause fluidity and stability?
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- Calculate the energy cost (free-energy change) of pumping Ca2+ from thecytosol, where its concentration is about 1.0 × 10−7 M, to the extracellularfluid, where its concentration is about 1.0 mM. Assume a temperature of 37°C (body temperature in a mammal) and a standard transmembrane potentialof 50 mV (inside negative) for the plasma membrane.The plasma membrane is an effective barrier to molecular movement across it, yet many substances do enter and leave the cell. Explain the mechanisms through which this is accomplished and comment on the energy requirements of these mechanisms.Given the melting profile of a membrane bilayer consisting of (see attached diagrams)where R = palmitate (16:0), (see graph) where the x-axis is temperature in °C andthe y-axis is the degree of fluidity (highervalue means the membrane is morefluid), in what direction does the curveshift if:a. the palmitate were replaced with oleate (18:1)b. the palmitate were replaced with stearate (18:0)c. the choline head group is replaced with –OCH2 CH3
- The cell membrane is both fluid and asymmetrical. Discuss asymmetry of the plasma membrane, as well as the enzyme involved. Explain properties that contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane?DO NOT COPY THE ANSWER FROM THE SAME QUESTION. Sassa, a biology professor, wanted to demonstrate to her students the applicability of a dialyzing membrane (DM) as a model for the cell membrane by enclosing an aqueous solution in a DM bag and immersing in a beaker containing a different solution. Substances available which are permeable to the DM include 0.02 M NaCl, 0.03 M glucose, and 0.01 M glucose. The only substance available which is completely impermeable to the DM is the 0.01 M lactose. Using the substances given and materials such as a beaker, stirring rod, and string, draw ONLY ONE set-up that can be demonstrated by Ms. Sassa that will satisfy ALL of the following conditions:a. No solute will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell.b. Glucose will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell.c. NaCl will exhibit a zero net d. No net movement of lactose from the inside to outside of the cell. Make sure to label properly the substance inside the beaker and inside the DM bag.What are integral membrane proteins? Under how many types is it examined? Briefly explain
- Suppose the major solutes in intact lysosomes are KCl (~0.1 M) and NaCl (~0.03 M). When isolating lysosomes, what concentration of sucrose is required in the extracting solution at room temperature (25oC) to prevent swelling and lysis? Calculate how much sucrose (342.3 g/mol) would you need to make 500 ml of this extracting solution.Estimate the flux (mg/cm2/s) by diffusion of estrogen (a steroid) through a lipid bilayer cell membrane when assuming the diffusion coefficient for estrogen across the lipid bilayer is 10^–6 cm2/s, and that the initial concentration of estrogen in the extracellular fluid is 1 ng/mL and 0 in the cytoplasm.yeasts are able to produce high internal concentrations of glycerol to counteract the osmotic pressure of the surrounding media. suppose that a sample of yeast cells were placed in a 4% sodium chloride solution by weight. The density of solution is at 25 C = 1.02 g/ml, Molecular weight of solute = 58.44 g/mol, i of glycerol = 1 and R=0.08205 L-atm/mol-K What is the weight of solute in grams What is the moles of solute What is the volume of the solution in liters What is the molarity of the solution What is the value of the temperature to be used to solved for the osmotic pressure of the solution What is the osmotic pressure of solution
- Suppose the major solutes in intact lysosomes are KCl (~0.1 M) and NaCl(~0.03 M). When isolating lysosomes, what concentration of sucrose isrequired in the extracting solution at room temperature (25 °C) to preventswelling and lysis?Many biological tissues have layers with extracellular matrix components and different orientations of these components. As a result, diffusion coefficients vary from region to region. Consider the steady-state, one-dimensional diffusion of a protein across a tissue that consists of a cellular phase and an acellular phase (like an artery wall consisting of a layer of smooth muscle cells and a layer of elastic lamina. Assume no reactions occur in either layer. The protein diffusion coefficients in the layers (1 and 2) are Di,1 and Di,2. The concentration at one edge is (x = 0) Ci = C0; on the other edge (x = L1 + L2 = L) Ci = CL. Assume that all partition coefficients in both layers are equal to 1. Use the figure below to help. Determine (A)the concentration as a function of position x, (B) the flux of the protein solute across the tissue, and (C) the effective diffusion coefficient if the system is modeled as a single layer.Of the following cell membrane lipids, which one prefers to reside in the inner leaflet (or inner half) of the membrane bilayer, AND has an overall neutral charge at physiological pH (7.4)? a) PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4 b) SM (sphinogomyelin) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4 c) PS (phosephatidylserine) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4 d) PC (phosphatidylcholine) is inner-leaflet with an overall neutral charge at pH 7.4