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- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…Which types of patch clamp technique should be used if you want to determine if a particular compound is influencing synaptic transmission presynaptically or post synaptically?What do we mean by neuroplasticity and what does the neuroplasticity theory argue?
- Give a schematic diagram of how we can nonpharmacologically manage the Zollinger Ellison Syndrome? Please draw at your own hands.A) Hypothesis a Null Hypothesis or an Alternate/Alternative Hypothesis In the background section the authors wrote “We hypothesized that activated microglia might disrupt synapses, resulting in cognitive disturbance in the context of euthyroid HT, and designed the present study to test this hypothesis.” Is their hypothesis a null hypothesis or an alternate/alternative hypothesis? In the background section the authors wrote “Based on these findings, we hypothesized that neonatal brain injury may be associated with NEC.” Is this a null hypothesis or an alternate/alternative hypothesis?Synapses through interconnected neurons are known to be a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the other neurons. Enumerate and describe the classifications of synapses based on what you can research on online. Kindly include your reference.
- Your current LTP experimental protocol is as follows: - Isolate a ‘silent synapse’ with only NMDA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. - Induce LTP via low frequency presynaptic stimulation coupled with postsynaptic depolarization. You’re able to verify that the synapse has been potentiated, as there are now strong post-synaptic responses to presynaptic stimulation. But you’re unable to prove conclusively that this change was AMPA receptor-mediated. Explain how you will design an experiment to monitor the trafficking of AMPA receptors into the membrane during LTP using the electrophysiological tag, and how this technique works. Explain how your method utilizes 1) Visualization and 2) Electrophysiological recordings to quantify trafficking of AMPA receptors. Provide an example of how electrophysiological data can be interpreted support the hypothesis that LTP induction leads to the trafficking of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic site.Draw a schematic diagram of how we can nonpharmacologically manage the Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?What role do the supporting cells play in neurotransmission ? Describe the role of at least two different types of Supporting cells. Are the supporting cells. as important as the neurons when it comes. to neural Communication ?
- When Sperry and colleagues ablated the dorsal RGCs, the remaining ventral RGCs projected to the dorsal tectum. Conversely, when they ablated the ventral RGCs, the remaining dorsal RGCs projected to the ventral tectum.Ephrins and Ephs are distributed in dorsoventral gradients in both structures. EphB1 is expressed in the tectum, in a low-dorsal to high-ventral gradient. Ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 are expressed in the retina in a high-dorsal to low-ventral gradient. What do these expression patterns suggest about the mechanism used for dorsoventral patterning of RGCs projecting to the tectum?READ: They key to large-scale communication in the entire nervous system is the ability to pass nerve impulses on a small scale from one neuron to the next so that signals can be transmitted throughout the entire body. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, and is the critical space that mediates the transfer of a signal from the presynaptic neuron (the sender) to the postsynaptic neuron (the receiver) or even an effector cell (like a gland or muscle cell.) You circled a synapse in Model 1. Synapses can be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses transmit electrical signals via gap junctions. A channel protein connects the cytoplasm of two adjacent neurons so that ions can flow directly from one cell to another to pass on the signal. However, the most common type of synapse is a chemical synapse. These utilize chemical signals, called neurotransmitters, to transmit the signal across the synaptic cleft. This is a slower process, but allows for much greater precision…Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a reasonable option for intractable depression or schizophrenia, but a mechanism of action has not been established. One credible hypothesis is related to neural plasticity. Below is the neuronal gene expression assay for four genes after ECT, normalized with the Hamilton depression rating scale of 21 items version (HAM-D-21). Which of the following conclusion you may NOT conclude from the data? ECT may convert adult neurons into IPSCs which may divide and differentiate into healthy adult neurons Neural plasticity steadily increases with the number of ECT administration ECT seems to increase the expression of Yamanaka’s four transcription factors ECT may increase neural plasticity