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What counteracting osmolyte is used to stabilize proteins in the presence of high urea levels?
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- Based on the pka values of the amino acids, is there any amino acid that could serve as a buffer at pH 12? If so, which one? State the reason.Describe the structure and functions of hyaluronic acidand proteoglycan aggregates.African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant poolsof fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is theadvantage of this adaptation?(A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.(B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to diluteammonia, which is toxic.(C) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.(D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the poo
- What would you expect the normal clearance value for amino acids to be? Explain.Given that ketones from ketosis are filtered in the kidney as anions, how does this lead to additional loss of waterweight?In the management of DKA, why would potassium be added to the maintenance fluids even if potassium levels are normal or high? Question 66 options: a) Potassium shifts from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid when acidosis corrects b) Insulin promotes renal potassium loss c) Osmotic diuresis may continue to deplete extracellular fluid potassium levels d) Maintenance fluids will dilute potassium levels in the extracellular fluid
- Explain the structure and components of a typical URI. Provide examples of common URI schemes.Explain the osmo-regulatory mechanisms in the human body, citing clinical, pathological illustrations to underpin your explanation.Give one reason why it is important to maintain plasma osmolarity within a narrow range of values?