What class of antibodies is normally found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract? a. IG-A b. IG-D c. IG-M d. IG-G

Q: Which statement is true of autoimmunity? a. It involves misshapen antibodies. b. It refers to…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of an organism to fight against infections caused by a…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. In clonal selection of B cells, which…

A: B cell expresses receptors ,that are specific to distinct antigen,  is determined before…

Q: A person who has been vaccinated against a disease should have primarily which of these types of…

A: Immunology deals with the study of the immune cells that fight against the invading pathogens in the…

Q: The humoral immune response depends on which cells? a. TC cells b. B cells c. B and TH cells d. TC…

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called________.a. positive selection.b. negative…

A: The T-cells of the adaptive immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from foreign…

Q: Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies?a. T cell b. macrophage c. plasma cell d. monocyte

A: B-cells, also said to be B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cells that play a crucial role in…

Q: The grouping of blood is based on substances called: A) antibodies B) antigens C) antitoxin D)…

A: Amswer is b.) Antigen.

Q: Which class of antibody accounts for most of the circulating antibodies in the blood? O IgA O IgM O…

A: IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG are the antibodies present in the blood.  IgA present in blood: 10-15% IgM…

Q: Red blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed from the circulation by the (a) thymus.…

A: There are 3 main types of blood cells i.e., while blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. All…

Q: Which is an autoimmune disease? A. Graves disease B. HIV disease C. HIV disease, type-1 diabetes,…

A: Autoimmune disease is a condition where immune system attacks our own body by mistake.In normal…

Q: The cross-linkage of antigenic cells by antibodies is known asa. opsonization b. a cross-reaction c.…

A: Antibodies bind with antigen via non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonds, van der waals interaction.…

Q: Structures on invading cells recognized by the adaptive immune system are known as a. antigens.…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: The acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or destructive immune reaction to a harmless foreign…

A: Immune tolerance is significant for ordinary physiology. Central tolerance is the fundamental way…

Q: B cells that produce and release large amounts of antibody are called: a. Memory cells b.…

A: B lymphocytes are thymus-independent cells that express immunoglobulins (see below) on their…

Q: Molecules that label your cells as “self” area. antibodies.b. T-cell receptors.c. major…

A: The immune system of a healthy individual possess an ability to differentiate between the self cells…

Q: The region of an antibody that is the antigen binding site is thea. constant region. b. variable…

A: Proteins that are Y-shaped that fight against the body’s foreign invaders are called Antibodies.…

Q: Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single: a. Antigen b. Bacterium c. Epitope d. B cell

A: Antigens are substances that cause the immune system to create antibodies against them. Antigens are…

Q: 3 4 Some antibodies can be passed from mother to child during breastfeeding. What is this type of…

A: Introduction Antibodies are substances that are produced by the immune cells in response to the…

Q: Antibodies are______ . a. antigen receptors c. proteins b. made only by B cells d.all of the above

A: Antibody  Antibody is the Y shaped molecules that fight with foreign objects or pathogens.

Q: For question with blanks, choose the combination of answers that most accurately completes the…

A: The immune framework is an organization of natural cycles that shields a living being from…

Q: Which of these events is not a part of the second line of defense? You may have more than one…

A: Our body has mainly three line of defence. Defensing foreign substances is important to ensure good…

Q: ____________ are suspensions of killed or live germs which is employed to induce the production of…

A: Among the given options, option (a) is the most appropriate.It explains that the vaccines are…

Q: B lymphocytes holding knowledge of an infectious agent for future responses are called: a) helper…

A: Immune system acts as a defense system in our body by protecting from effects of pathogens and also…

Q: Which form of acquired immunity is the patient developing by having this infection?   A) Active…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against the  various microbes & defend the body.…

Q: Which condition is not an autoimmune disease?a. multiple sclerosis c. systemic lupus erythematosisb.…

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Which of these cell types aids the activation of T lymphocytes by antigens? a. Macrophages b.…

A: The immune system of a body is broadly classified into innate and acquired type. Innate immunity is…

Q: The best definition of an antigen is:(a) A foreign molecule in the body(b) A chemical that elicits…

A: In biology, ‘Immunity’ is known as the capability of resisting the progression of harmful…

Q: Which image shows the type of leukocyte responsible for antibody production? D O D O E Submit…

A: Introduction Leukocytes (also known as white blood cells) are a type of blood cell that lacks…

Q: A. To filter out extra salt, waste, and fluids B. To properly draw out nitrogenous wastes C. To…

A: Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the…

Q: In table form, differentiate Primary from Secondary Immune Response according to the ff. a. type of…

A:

Q: MHCII molecules will bind __________ and locate to the cell surface. a. T-independent type antigens…

A: T cells are not able to recognize free antigens directly. They can recognise only antigens that are…

Q: The greatest concentration of antibodies is found in thefraction of the serum.a. gamma globulin b.…

A: Antibodies are large Y shaped protein molecule produced by the plasma cells which is the main agent…

Q: Which of the following cells are primarily targeted by HIV? a. Nerve cells. b. Helper T celIs. c.…

A: HIV targets the immune system. It takes around one to two days to arrive at lymph nodes then these…

Q: A. Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a…

A: Immunoassay is a biochemical test that is used to detect the presence and/or concentration of an…

Q: In a normal individual, a T cell that interacts with a self-antigen in the thymus will more than…

A: Introduction  Immunity is the property or ability of the body to defend against the pathogens.…

Q: Why is there an enzyme attached to the secondary antibody? a. They provide a colometire indication…

A: Introduction Secondary antibodies are especially efficient in immunolabeling, secondary antibody…

Q: The cytolytic action of the complement system is most similar to the action ofa. interleukin-1.b.…

A: Complement system- It is a cascade system, plays a role in immune system by enhancing the antibodies…

Q: of the choices, which cells stimulate directly B cells to divide and produce antibodies? a. mast…

A: The immune system provides defense against invading pathogens. It is a complex network of cells,…

Q: which product of inflammation is responsible for causing a fever? A- Platelet Activating factor B-…

A: Inflammation is presented with rubor, dolor, calor,tumor and functio lessa. Rubor= redness.…

Q: A person with AIDS is likely to develop infectious diseases because the virus that causes AIDS…

A: HIV (Human immunodeficient virus) is an RNA virus belonging to the retrovirus group. The virus…

Q: After his recovery from chickenpox, which lymphocytes will keep this patient from becoming infected…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: Which statement is incorrect? a. IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood b. Antibodies can exist…

A: Only Option C is incorrect  Because, Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Found fundamentally in blood and lymph…

Q: The benefit of specific immunity is the production of ________ that provide long-lasting protection.…

A: Solution mentioned below

Q: Is it more important that transfused blood have antigens that will not react with the recipient’s…

A: The immune system of the body functions in every possible way to minimize the effect of any foreign…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.