Q: List the three types of transport processes that involve carrier proteins in the renal tubule and…
A: The transport processes are used to transport one substance from one place to another. Some of the…
Q: What is the major chemical difference between blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?
A: The glomerular filtrate and blood plasma are the fluids found in the body.
Q: Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure is greater in the afferent end than in the efferent end of the…
A: Blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) is due to colloidal nature of blood. The blood is a mixture…
Q: How do symporters in the ascending limb of the nephron loop and principal cells in the collecting…
A: Excretion is a natural cycle, which assumes an indispensable part by killing poisons and other…
Q: Why is there much greater filtration through glomerular capillaries than through capillaries…
A: The excretory framework is a latent natural framework that eliminates overabundance, pointless…
Q: what is a feature of glomerulus that contributes to its high efficiency in reabsorption?
A: A human kidney contains about one million of thin, long much convoluted tubular units called…
Q: Distinguish between glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
A: The movement of the water and the solutes across a cell membrane is called filtration. The movement…
Q: Explain two reasons why maintaining a steady glomerular filtration rate is important
A: The glomerulus is a group of capillaries (small blood vessels) located in the nephron of the…
Q: Briefly describe the formation of glomerular filtrate.
A: Kidneys are the bean-shaped structures present on the either side of the spine below the ribs. The…
Q: What is the significance of Juxtaglomerular apparatus in kidney function.
A: Urinary system is a part of body system which generally involved in formation of urine and it's…
Q: Generally, what types of molecules and in which direction (from blood to tubules or tubules to…
A: The mechanism of urine formation includes- 1. Glomeruluar filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3.…
Q: how cAMP increase permeability to water in the epthelial cell of renal tubules? define
A: The aquaporins (AQPs) allows majority of reabsorption of water occurring in the nephron. In the…
Q: What role does urea have in tubular reabsorption?
A: Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from filtrate into the blood. Substances are…
Q: What are the three distinct inputs to the juxtaglomerular cells?
A: BASIC INFORMATION KIDNEY It is a paired organ present in our body. It helps the body to get rid of…
Q: If blood pressure in the afferent arteriole leading to a glomerulus decreased, how would the rate of…
A: Answer- GFR or glomerular filteration rate is dependent upon many factors like blood pressure in…
Q: How do Na-H exchangers on the luminal surface of tubular cells promote bicarbonate reabsorption in…
A: The Na+/H+ exchange aids NaCl reabsorption and luminal surface of the tubular cells. The NHE3 (in…
Q: Describe the effect of ADH on renal collecting tubules
A: Renal collecting tubules comprises of different tubular parts of the nephrotic system or kidney that…
Q: What is the significance of juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?
A: The kidney is the bean shaped organ of about four to five inches present on the either side of the…
Q: Why do individuals with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secrete…
A: SIADH - syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone it is caused due to following.
Q: Describe the structure of the afferent and efferentarterioles and the juxtaglomerular apparatus.…
A: Branches of the renal artery supply each nephron with blood and carry filtered blood back to the…
Q: What is the mechanism of Na1 reabsorption, and how is thereabsorption of other solutes coupled to…
A: To define: To define the mechanism of Na1 reabsorption and the reabsorption of other solutes coupled…
Q: Pressures affecting the glomerular filtration rate is
A: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test that is used to determine the functionality of the…
Q: A relatively largediameter of the efferentarteriolescompared to the afferentarteriole.
A: b. A relatively large diameter of the efferent arterioles compared to the afferent arteriole.
Q: Which transporters below are most likely facilitators of the renal elimination of furosemide?
A: The below given figure is of Furosemide which is a potent loop diuretics and is eliminated by renal…
Q: Which substances in glomerular filtrate are not normally presentin urine?
A: Ans: Glomerular filtrate: It is the fluids that has been filtered from the capillaries of the…
Q: What is the role of glomerulus in kidney?
A: The kidney is the bean shaped organ of about four to five inches present on the either side of the…
Q: You quickly drink 1l strong beer (6% alcohol) with low Na + content. What will happen to your a)…
A: Urine is a liquid produced by metabolism in humans and animals. It flows from the kidneys through…
Q: What is the purpose of measuring the glomerular filtration rate?
A: The glomerular filtration rate is the rate of flow of filtered fluid from the glomerulus into the…
Q: Explain how the blood vessels associated with the renal corpuscle help to maintain relatively high…
A: The kidney is a bean-shaped organ that plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis and…
Q: Name and define the process that occurs in glomerulus.
A: Step 1 The glomerulus is a bunch of anastomosing fine blood vessels that lie in the hollow of…
Q: Why is creatinine clearance a good estimate of glomerular filtration rate?
A: Creatinine is the chemical compound that is left behind after the energy producing cells in the…
Q: Why do marine fish and terrestrial vertebrates produce relatively small urine volumes?
A: Marine fishes and terrestrial vertebrates produce relatively small urine volumes because nitrogenous…
Q: What is the relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate?
A: The fundamental structural and operational unit of the kidney is the nephron. They are tiny…
Q: From the previous question, In which section of the kidney tubules does this phosphorus movement…
A: In the body phosphate is present in three ionic forms: H2PO4-, HPO42- and PO43-. Phosphate together…
Q: What interacting controls stabilize the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A: Glomerular Filtration Rate: Glomerular filtration rate describes the flow rate of…
Q: Glomerular filtration is affected by forces that oppose and promote filtration. What are these…
A: To explain: To explain glomerular filtration forces and net filtration pressure
Q: The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule…
A: Tubular reabsorption is the filtration of fluid through the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule which is…
Q: If the pH of the tubular fluid went down, how would its Na+concentration change?
A: Kidneys are the pair of bean shaped red color organs that are the crucial part of the excretory…
Q: What are the two components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus and how do they contribute to renal…
A: The juxtaglomerular apparatus is present in the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus maintains…
Q: Even though mutations of aquaporin-3 and aquaporin-4 in the collecting duct have not been described…
A: The kidney is the primary organ of the excretory system that removes waste products from the body…
Q: Why is protein in the urine a sign of kidney damage? What structures in the kidney are probably…
A: The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that primarily function in glomerular filtration. The nephrons…
Q: Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?
A: Excretion is the process through which all the metabolic waste products are excreted out of the body…
Q: Pressure in the renal artery is 100 mm Hg and the pressure in the renal vein is 50 mm Hg. The…
A: Pressure in the glomerulus is characterized by the difference of pressure between the afferent and…
Q: If Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 125 mL/min, how much GF will be produced in a day? 180,000…
A: Glomerular filtrate is the fluid obtained after filtration of the blood in the glomerulus or…
Q: What is the function of NaCl in urine formation?
A: Urinary system involves in the clearing or filtering the blood and ridding of wastes that produced…
Q: Contrast the mechanism of reabsorption for glucose and urea. Which one shows a Tm, and why?
A: Renal filtration is a process in which water and solutes are removed from the blood plasma as it…
What are the two intrinsic mechanisms that provide auto regulation of glomerular filtrate? Explain any one of these.
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- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide helps to reduce overall blood pressure in a variety of ways. One way is by increasing Glomerular Filtration Rate. a. Why/how would increasing GFR cause decreased blood pressure? b. To increase GFR, would Atrial Natriuretic Peptide cause constriction or dilation of afferent arterioles at the kidneys? The efferent arterioles?Drugs that increase urine flow (diuretic drugs) are often employed in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) or other disease states. Three physiological categories of such drugs are ones that (i) function as loop diuretics, (ii) inhibit the action of aldosterone, and (iii) block Na+ channels in the collecting ducts. Explain why each of these categories would be expected to increase Na+ excretion and urine flow.Glomerular filtration is affected by forces that oppose and promote filtration. What are these forces and explain the theory behind net filtration pressure?
- What are the unique features of Henle loops that contribute to countercurrent multiplication during urine production? Provide an explanation of how countercurrent multiplication is facilitated in nephrons, including all the factors that contribute to it.What is an example of a diagram that explains the core concept of flow down gradients in the urinary system/kidneys?The process of hydrogen ion secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule occurs via which of the following mechanisms? Choose from the following: (A) hydrogen ions diffuse out of the glomerular filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule, through extracellular fluid and into the peritubular blood (B) carbon dioxide diffuses into the proximal convoluted tubule cell from peritubular capillary blood; undergoes a chemical reaction to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions; the hydrogen ion diffuses into the glomerular filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule (C) hydrogen ions diffuse out of the peritubular capillary blood, through extracellular fluid and into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule (D) carbon dioxide diffuses into the proximal convoluted tubule cell from the glomerular filtrate; undergoes a chemical reacdtion to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions; the hydrogen ions diffuse into the peritubular blood
- The Na+-glucose transporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 are located at different levels of the kidney proximal tubule to minimize spillover of the glucose into the urine (See diagram attached) a) Consider the Na+-glucose coupling ratios for SGLT2 and SGLT1. Why would localization of SGLT2 in the early proximal tubule and SGLT1 in the late proximal tubule be advantageous? b) The Michaelis constant (Km) for the SGLT2 and SGLT1 transporters are 2 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively. Is SGLT2 or SGLT1 the higher affinity Na+-glucose transporter? d) Dapagliflozin is an SGLT1 inhibitor and commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes. Why would this be of benefit to a diabetes patient?Describe the components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Explain the importance of the negative electric charge of the different parts of the glomerular filtration barrier. How does it do to prevent the loss of proteins in the urine?The presence of either protein or glucose in a urinalysis is abnormal, but these two molecules end up in the urine for different reasons. For each of these molecules, briefly describe where in the urine production process (i.e., glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption or tubular secretion) the problem occurs, and why it might happen.
- The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations. For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion Explain how you determined this.Fred was diagnosed 6 months ago with liver cancer. His liver is no longer able to make the necessary amount of proteins needed by the body. What effect, if any, would this have on the net glomerular filtration rate? (Hint, decide which of the 3 forces contributing to the net filtration rate is affected. Then adjust numbers in the equation to determine if there is an increase, decrease, or no change to the net filtration rate). Group of answer choices A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure would be decreased, increasing the net glomerular filtration rate. B) Blood colloid osmotic pressure would be decreased, decreasing the net glomerular filtration rate. C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure would be decreased, increasing the net glomerular filtration rate. D) Capsular hydrostatic pressure would be decreased, decreasing the net glomerular filtration rate. E) There would be no effect on the net glomerular filtration rate.A 28-year-old man has a fasting serum glucose concentration of 140 mg/dL and a glomerular filtration rate of 125 ml/min. The renal transport maximum for glucose in this patient is 300 mg/min. Which of the following best represents the rate of urinary glucose excretion (in mg/min) in this man? (A) 0 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 300 (E) 400