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1.GDP
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- 14. How did they do that? A strain of mice has been developed that lack the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. Yet, after strenuous exercise, the glycogen stores of a mouse of this strain are depleted. Explain how this depletion is possible.10. Answer ALL parts of this question. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, also known as cyclooxygenase- 2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene. (a) Explain how this enzyme facilitates prostaglandin biosynthesis by highlighting two key functions. (b) Describe one role for the COX-1 enzyme. (c) Name one condition that the selective COX-2 inhibitors Vioxx (Rofecoxib) and Celebrex (Celecoxib) were used to treat. (d) Name and draw the chemical structures of 4 other small molecule OCOX-2 inhibitors and identify 3 similarities/common features with respect to Rofecoxib and Celecoxib. (e) Name a therapeutic reason for targeting COX-3. Describe the function and therapeutic utility of non-steroidal anti- (f) inflammatory drugs.6. A. List all of the ionizable functional groups that are found in insulin when in aqueous solution. List which amino acid residues have these ionizable groups and list all of the pka and pKb values (including the R groups) that are on both polypeptide chains that make up insulin. (see the table at the end of this HW set; note that tyrosine and cysteine both have unusual pka's, since these side groups ionize above the pKR's given to have a negative charge). B. The isoelectric point of insulin is reported to be around 5.3-5.35. Using the method covered in class, estimate the isoelectric point of insulin and compare your answer to the values above. C. For a polypeptide to be soluble in an aqueous solution, is it good to be near the isoelectric point? Why or why not? Notes: a couple of unusual R group's that ionize (cysteine and tyrosine have R groups that have pka values; histidine has a pkb). The table at the end of this homework set (also in the lecture notes) lists the pka's and…
- Starting from the situation below, explain the next immediate steps that occur after the agonist ligand binds to the GPCR. Describe what happens in terms of the GTP and the heterotrimeric G protein structure. www www Ligand α В GTP ZAN Y Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. GDPCyclic AMP (CAMP) is an important signaling molecule in cells. The synthesis and degradation of CAMP is diagrammed in the following figure: ATP ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 12pt Adenylyl cyclase Edit View Insert Format Tools Table Paragraph Pyrophosphate 3'c- P-P₁ 5'C BI Both caffeine (coffee, cola) and theophylline inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase that converts CAMP to AMP, allowing cAMP levels to temporarily remain high. Briefly discuss the possible effect of these drugs on the second messenger action of CAMP. What might the effect of caffeine of theophylline be on a signaling pathway? CAMP UA Phosphodiesterase T² H₂O AMP ⠀What do you mean by hypoacetylation of lysines?
- 3. When adrenaline binds to adrenergic receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle cells, it activates the beta2 adrenergic signalling pathway. Indicate how glycogen levels would be affected in the presence of adrenaline in the following skeletal muscle cells, which have defects in intracellular signalling components of the beta2 adrenergic pathway. Would they be higher or lower than in normal cells treated with adrenaline, and why? (a) cells that lack adenylyl cyclase (b) cells that lack the GPCR (c) cells that lack CAMP phosphodiesterase (d) cells that have an a subunit that cannot hydrolyse GTP but can interact properly with the B and y subunits6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Zymogen activation Competitive inhibition Allosteric regulation Covalent modificationP CO HI F. sum21.ex1.137 Accessibility Mo 日- Which of the following molecules generally possesses a complex shape that allows the molecule to function as tools and machinery that essentially do all the work within a living cell? 15. A. triglycerides B. proteins C. carbohydrate D. A and Bare correct. 16. Which of the following molecules is NOT involved in cell-to-cell signaling? A nroctaalandine Give %00% kidomi 56°F 近 Insert F8 F6 & %24 8. K 2 G oW N M
- 15. The deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism worldwide. This congenital disorder generally results from mutations that are spread throughout the entire gene of G6PD. Three mutations for G6PD, AAAAGAGGG AAACAUGGG, „CACAAUCAC-CACCAUCAC, AUGACUAAA AUGGCUAAA are responsible for severe deerease of the protein activity. What types of mutations are these? To answer the question please: I) explain what the mutation is; 2) describe the types of mutation you know; 3) explain the difference between germline and somatic mutati ymem1. What is the role of ATP in cell signaling in biochemistry?22. For this question, you may want to analyze Fig. 16.25 on your book. Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle cells by ultimately activating glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that breaks down glycogen, as depicted in the figure below. adrenaline. activated GPCR (adrenergic receptor) Answer: Explanation: activated adenylyl cyclase inactive PKA inactive phosphorylase kinase ATP CAMP ADP activated a subunit of stimulatory G protein (G₁) active PKA inactive glycogen phosphorylase GTP ATP cyclic AMP ATP ADP CYTOSOL active phosphorylase kinase active glycogen phosphorylase ELE GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN Which of the following statements is false? A) A constitutively active (i.e., always expressed) mutant form of PKA (cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylase kinase) in skeletal muscle cells would lead to a decrease in the amount of unphosphorylated phosphorylase kinase. B) A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would not increase the affinity of…