Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) metabolizes many immunosuppressants such as azathioprine. Genetic polymorphism changes the activity of this enzyme and thus the metabolic rate of transforming of drugs their corresponding metabolites. Define what the genetic polymorphism is. а. b. If a genetic variation leads to a reduction of TPMT activity, explain what outcomes will be expected to azathioprine. 2.
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- Mrs. Anderson, a 45-year-old woman with a history of chronic back pain, has been taking X as prescribed by her rheumatologist for the past eight months. During a routine check-up, her liver function tests revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes. She has not experienced any noticeable symptoms but is now being closely monitored for potential liver-related issues. 2. Propose a pharmacoepidemiological study design to confirm or refute the signal of hepatotoxicity associated with X. Consider factors such as study population, exposure definition, and outcome measures. Discuss the strengths and limitations of your chosen study design? Outline the methods and data sources that could be used to collect information on hepatotoxicity in patients using X.? Discuss how the findings of the study could have regulatory implications. If a significant association is identified, explore how regulatory agencies might implement other measures to ensure patient safety.? Develop communication…5. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Explain 1) why individuals with CML respond well to imatinib, 2) the mechanism of action of imatinib, and 3) the impact of imatinib on CML outcome/survival.5) When the number of spare receptor is much more than the amount of irreversible antagonist X, what will happen to the agonist Y when it is co-administrated with X? a. There will be a downward shift of log dose response curve b. There will be a upward shift of log dose response curve c. There will be a right shift of log dose response curve d. There will be a left shift of log dose response curve e. There will be no change for log dose response curve
- 5) When the number of spare receptor is much more than the amount of irreversible antagonist X, what will happen to the agonist Y when it is co-administrated with X? a. There will be a downward shift of log dose response curve b. There will be a upward shift of log dose response curve c. There will be a right shift of log dose response curve d. There will be a left shift of log dose response curve e. There will be no change for log dose response curve 6) The maximum plasma concentration of a drug is reached when a. The elimination rate equals the absorption rate b. The elimination rate is very high c. The elimination rate is lower than the absorption rate d. The elimination rate is minimum e. The absorption far exceeds the elimination rate 7) Most drug receptors a a. Carbohydrate b. Phospholipids c. Steroids d. Proteins e. EnzymesMrs. Anderson, a 45-year-old woman with a history of chronic back pain, has been taking X as prescribed by her rheumatologist for the past eight months. During a routine check-up, her liver function tests revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes. She has not experienced any noticeable symptoms but is now being closely monitored for potential liver-related issues. 1. Define the concept of signal detection in pharmacoepidemiology and explain its role in identifying potential adverse drug reactions. Discuss the importance of signal detection in ensuring the safety of pharmaceutical products in the post-marketing phase. 2. Propose a pharmacoepidemiological study design to confirm or refute the signal of hepatotoxicity associated with X. Consider factors such as study population, exposure definition, and outcome measures. Discuss the strengths and limitations of your chosen study design. 3. Outline the methods and data sources that could be used to collect information on…18. A study is conducted to assess the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of epilepsy. The authors undertook a search of both the published and unpublished literature After independent assessment of two authors, 33 of 107 papers meet inclusion criteria for the study. The authors describe the data from these studies but are unable to calculate a summary statistic because of the significant heterogeneity of the studies. Which of the following best describes this study design? OA) Case-control study OB) Meta-analysis C) Narrative review OD) Randomized controlled trial OE) Systematic review
- 2. Discuss why beta blocker therapy is used in addition to nitroglycerin.4. Indicate the hallmark / characteristics features in: a. CLL b. CML c. AML d. ALL 5. In hairy cell leukemias (HCL), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase is demonstrated. In your opinion, is this the most reliable test to diagnose HCL at present. Explain in not more than 3 sentences. 6. The use of monoclonal antibodies to detect cluster of differentiation (CD) in leukemic cells, mostly immature cells is common in the laboratory. Why do you think this is more valuable than morphological examination of cells in the blood/bone marrow cells. 7. Differentiate Hodgkin Lymphoma from Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma as to the life expectancy of the patients and degree of malignancy. 8. Compare polycythemia vera from essential thrombocythemia as to laboratory profile1. Please describe the medication interaction between clonidine and atenolol. Please reply soon. Should the response mention the causes and mechanism?
- Where in the course of type I allergies do antihistamine drugs,cortisone, and desensitization work? Exactly what do they do?b. Compare the sites of action of montelukast (Singulair) andomalizumab (Xolair).Briefly explain this statement -"Therapeutic drug monitoring of Warfarin" Please explain at your own words(500-600 words appropriately).1. What is a yellow prescription? 2. What are the drugs that requires yellow prescription prior to dispensing? 3. Yellow prescription is usually in triplicates. Determine the three recipient of yellow prescription. a. Green - ?? b. White - ?? c. Yellow - ??