The second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is transformed, some energy is lost as heat. If energy transformation is not efficient in an organism, what might occur due to this law?
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- 4. A team of R&D scientists were trying to make a "better" enzyme. A molecular biologist mutated amino acid residues of an existing enzyme. An enzymologist on the team evaluated the engineered enzymes by measuring the dissociation constants between a substrate-analog and the different engineered enzymes. The engineer also measured Vmax of each enzyme, using a natural substrate of the enzyme. Which engineered enzyme is a failure and why? Provide a thermodynamic explanation. Include a reaction-progress energy diagram in your answer. Engineered Enzyme ID Ka (uM) Vmax (uM min-!) A 10 150 0.41. At first glance, it may seem that living systems are able to defy the second law of thermodynamics. However, on closer examination, it becomes clear that although cells create organization from raw materials in the environment, they also contribute to disorder in the environment by releasing ________ 2.Which of the following reactions is unfavorable? a. NaCl dissolving in water (∆G < 0) b. Formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis (∆Go values vary from +10 to +20 kJ/mol) c. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Ⓟ (∆Go' = –30.5 kJ/mol) d. Oxidation of one molecule of glucose (C6) yield up to 38 ATPs in a eukaryotic cell e. Oxidation of a 16-carbon (C16) fatty acid releases enough energy to synthesize 130 ATPs1. Cite everyday illustrations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. How do the laws of thermodynamics underlie every organism’s ability to function?
- 7. Use this figure to summarize how ATP is used as energy "currency", harnessing some of the energy released from metabolism so it can be used when needed. a. Draw the correct type of curve on each graph (including activation energy). Free Energy energy thermic Example: -() Progress of the Reaction Progress of the Reaction b. In order to contrast the processes use the following prefixes or words: ana-, breaking down proteins, cata-, dehydration synthesis, ender-, endo-, exer-, exo-, hydrolysis, making proteins, releasing, requiring _gonic) ATP bolic metabolism reaction type ADP + P Free Energy energy Example: thermic _gonic) bolic metabolism reaction type 41. Given the following values for the changes in enthalpy (∆H) and entropy (∆S), which of the following processes can take place at 298 K without violating the Second Law of Thermodynamics?1. Which of the following forms of energy is correctly paired with its definition? a. Thermal energy - the energy in a system due to its temperature b. Potential energy - the energy associated with an object's motion c. Kinetic energy - the stored energy of an object due to its position d. Chemical energy - the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature 2. Which of the following summarizes the first law of thermodynamics? a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. b. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. c. The total entropy of a system increases over time. d. Two systems that are in equilibrium with a third system are in equilibrium with one another 3. Which of the following is a thermodynamic quantity that combines enthalpy and entropy? a. Maximum enthalpy b. Minimum enthalpy c. Grand entropy d. Free energy 4. The Δ G value for the formation of gaseous water at 25°C and 1.0 atm is −228 kJ/mol. Given this…
- 2. Draw a graph showing a downhill (spontaneous) reaction, that requires some activation energy to get it going. Then draw and clearly label on the graph b. The activation energy for the reaction (use a bracket to indicate the upper and lower limits) c. The free energy change for the reactions (use a bracket to indicate the upper and lower limits) d. How an enzyme will change the energetics of the reaction. I suggest you use a dotted line for the enzyme.6. Use the graph below to answer the questions in 6a and 6b. Free Energy A+B a. Progress of the Reaction C. d. e. C+D a. The forward reaction in figure above is described as circle one: (Endothermic/ Exothermic) and is part of circle one: (Anabolic (building) / Catabolic (breaking down) metabolism. The change in free energy is circle one: (-AG / +AG) The forward reaction would be written as: + Please select the correct letters from graph (a-e) to match the description for the forward reaction Activation energy without an enzyme. Activation energy with an enzyme. AG (change in free energy). The role of the enzyme is to circle one: (regulate / speed up /inhibit) a reaction by circle one: (INCREASING / DECREASING) the Does the forward reaction require an input of cellular energy? circle one: (YES / NO) Does the forward reaction release energy? circle one: (YES / NO) Is the activation energy provided by ATP circle one: (YES / NO). It is provided by physical strain on the bond due to how…Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? Endergonic reactions have a positive ?G and exergonic reactions have a negative ?G Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly.
- When two glucose molecules react to form maltose: a. the reaction represents a negative G. b. free energy had to be available to allow the reaction to proceed. c. the reaction is exothermic. d. it supports the second law of thermodynamics, which states there is tendency of the universe toward disorder. e. the resulting product has less potential energy than the reactants.1. Carbon dioxide +Water+ Energy → Sugar + Oxygen 2. Sugar + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy the second reaction shown here (cellular respiration), which of these descriptions compares the products and reactants The process produces ADP as a product, which has a lower energy level compared to the reactants. The process produces inorganic molecules only, which have a lower energy level compared to the products. The process produces ATP as a product, which provides a greater cellular energy compared to the reactants. The process produces heat energy as a byproduct, which causes the reactants to be less energetic compared to the products. Carbon Dloxide Production in Snails & Elodea Test Tube Contents Tube A: control Initial Color Light Set Up Dark Set Up green green blue green green areonadenine molecule ii. NH2 N- НО-Р—О—Р—О—Р—О. ОН ОН ОН i. Phosphate chain ОН ОН iii ribose sugar