The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called: cytopathic effect lysogenic conversion antigenic variation
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The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called:
cytopathic effect
lysogenic conversion
antigenic variation
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- All of the following are methods intracellular pathogens can use to survive inside a host cell EXCEPT create a capsule. Escape the phagosome. survive in the phagolysosome. prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion.The process where antibody will cause microbes to be connected together so they can no longer cause infection is called: excision inactivation coarctation agglutinationBacteria have a single circular chromosome while human cells have 46 linear chromosomes. This means bacteria are considered half lloyd having only one copy of each gene.
- Which of the following would you anticipate would be secreted through the Type III secretion system during infection? a secondary messenger effector that is unable to cross the host cell membrane, such as the AexT protein that disrupts the host cell cytoskeleton the superantigen TSST that is responsible for the signs and symptoms associated with toxic shock syndrome a pore-forming cytolytic toxin, such as a hemolysin not enough information to determine the AB toxin responsible for the flaccid paralysis associated with botulismPathogens have a variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by the immune system. These traits are called virulence factors. The following enzymes and toxin can act as virulence factors and contribute to bacteria’s pathogenicity. What are the specific actions of the following enzymes and toxin that make them virulence factors? Coagulase Kinase (such as staphylokinases and streptokinases) Hyaluronidase Collagenase CytotoxinThe figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is: There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.
- Can a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped virusesExplain how specialized structures (e.g., spore, capsule, fimbriae, or flagella) enable a microbe to survive in a given environment or contribute to pathogenesis.
- The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Choose the answers below that describe their activity. made in response to an invading pathogen damage cell membranes of invaders utilize antibodies engulf pathogen disrupt intracellular function of pathogenDiscuss why it is important for us to conduct research at the basic level of physiology in order to better understand what makes Mycobacteria latent or grow during an infection so that we can design new and/or better treatment modalities.Complement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and d