Shown below is the response of a regulatory motif to a signal S. What does the response show biologically ? R 1.5- 4- 3.5- 3- 2.5- 2- 1.5- 1 TIME 12 14 30 1.5 -3.5 -3 -2.5 20 1.5 -0.5 -0 S
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- During signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMPEndocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals because.___ the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances the target and signaling cells are close together the ligands are degraded rapidly the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transport8 of 16 Which of the following statements best describes autocrine signalling? O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules bind to receptors located on the cell secreting the signalling molecules. O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules bind to receptors located on adjacent cells. O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules are released into the circulatory system to bind to receptors located on cells in tissues some distance away. O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules are peptide hormones. O A cell communication mechanism in which the signalling molecules are steroid hormones.
- Different types of signaling between cells Briefly describe the 6 different signal pathsWhich of the following regarding Protein Kinase R (PKR) is FALSE? O PKR is a protein that phosphorylates other proteins PKR activates elF2a to block translation by the ribosomes PKR is a viral gene that helps viruses infect the host cell PKR is expressed as an inactive monomer in the cell O PKR gene expression is triggered by interferonPut the steps of the process of signal transduction in the order they occur (hint - try to decide which signaling pathway this is before working on the order): 1. A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activates an enzyme. 2. Protein kinases are activated. 3. A signal molecule binds to a receptor. 4. Target proteins are phosphorylated. 5. Second messenger molecules are released. O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 O 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 O 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 I
- Give an example of how signal transduction plays a role in disease help this is a biochemistry for my last hw. he is very detailedA scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. EGF signaling would be unaffected.Calcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b) split calmodulin (c) are kept at higher concentration in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid (d) are produced in the ER by protein kinases and protein phosphatases (e) typically terminate signaling cascades
- 3 of 16 Which statement about the IP3 DAG pathway is false? O Diacylglycerol can act as a second messenger. Inositol trisphosphate can act as a second messenger. O Protein kinase C can phosphorylate a wide variety of proteins. O Inositol trisphosphate remains bound to the membrane after phospholipase C catalyzes its formation. Inositol trisphosphate can open ion channels in the membraņes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, releasing calcium into the cytoplasm.Use your knowledge of Cell & Molecular Biology to design solutions for treatingCOVID-19 based on your understanding of the signaling pathwaysSome signal molecules can bind to extracellular proteins that directly bind DNA and regulate gene transcription True False
