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- Chart 2. Levels of evidence (ASHA, 2004) Level Description la Well-designed meta-analysis of more than one randomized controlled trial lb lla llb III IV Well-designed randomized controlled study Well-designed controlled study without randomization Well-designed quasi-experimental study Well-designed non-experimental studies, i.e., correlational and case studies Expert committee report, consensus conference, clinical experience of respected authorities Match the types of study with their ranking level. Randomized control trial Cohort study Cross-sectional study Case-control study Single subject design (time series) Single case study [Choose ] Level 3 ✓ Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 [Choose] [Choose ] [Choose ]Screening test A as a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 85%. Screening test B has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 90%. Given that they are applied to the same population and the same disease, which of the following statement is correct? Screening test A has a higher yield than Screening test B Screening test A is more valid than Screening test B Screening test B has better predictability than Screening test A Screening test B is more valid than Screening test A Screening test A has better predictability than Screening test BWhat patterns do you detect? Often in disease outbreak investigations we want to see a pattern for a particular problem. Think back to the 'white board' approach from a previous question and consider the types of information about individuals that may help you look for patterns. Select from the list below attributes that may help you You can chosse all or some I choose Time of disease onset and occuption but there is more I guess Occupation Hair color Gender Weight Age Time of disease onset
- QUESTION 1 Match each description to the correct study design. Study designs may be used more than once. ◆ Incidence data is not available with this study design, so an odds ratio is an appropriate measure of association to calculate. ◆ This study design allows for the evaluation of multiple outcomes. ◆ The temporal sequence between the exposure and outcome is clear for this study design; therefore, incidence data is available and a risk ratio can be calculated. ◆ With this study design, exposure status is assessed, and then participants are followed up over time to see who develops the outcome. ◆ Recall bias is a common issue with this study design because exposure information is collected from the past. QUESTION 2 A. Cohort study B. Case-control study Consider the following scenario for the questions that follow. In a recent case-control study, investigators enrolled 300 adults with heart disease and 300 healthy adults. During interviews with the participants, the investigators…Which type of t-test is best for the following variables:(a) Age measured by # of years old (b) Life satisfaction measured by a 1 to 5 Likert Scale. Paired Samples t-test Independent Samples t-test None. The variables are both discrete. None. The variables are both continuous. ㅋTo test the efficacy of vitamin C in preventing colds, army recruits were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 500 mg of vitamin C daily and a placebo (sugar pill) daily. Both groups were then followed for a year to determine the number and severity of subsequent colds. What type of study design is it? Ecologic study Quasi experimental study Case-control study Cohort study Randomized controlled trial
- Which of the following studies is considered a gold standard for analytical epidemiology? Ecologic study Cross-sectional study Case-control study Cohort studyThe average number of eggs consumed during a typical week was measured among all employees who work for a state agency. They were followed up for 3 years, and the incidence of chronic heartburn was compared at the end of the follow-up between those who consumed 0-4 eggs per week and those who consumed 5 or more eggs per week. What type of study design is it? Randomized controlled trial Cohort study Quasi experimental study Case-control study Ecologic studyPlease answer ASAP 12. Which of the following statement is false regarding a cross-sectional study? a. Prevalence of a variable can be estimated.b. It cannot determine causality between the exposure and the outcome.c. There may be a comparison group in the design of the study.d. Relative risk can be calculated as a measure of association.e. One of its advantages is there cannot be any lost to follow-up
- 5. Discuss the figure below. Give specific examples as needed: DESCRIPTIVE Describe a disease or health condition/phenomenon or intervention ANALYTIC Examine association (test of hypothesis) Experimental Exposure variables are assigned Observational Турes 1. Case reports/Case series Exposure and outcome variables are just observed 2. Prevalence survey (cross- sectional) 3. Ecologic study Турes 1. Cross-sectional Турes 1. Clinical trials 2. Case-control 3. Cohort 2. Field trials 3. Community intervention trials 4. Ecologic Hypothesis formulation Identification of risk/protective factorsDescribe the difference between a prevalence-based and an incidence-based cost-of-illness study. A. Prevalence-based studies are useful for budgeting purposes and includes the cost of existing cases and new cases B. Incidence-based studies only consider the costs for new cases during the year C. When completing an explanatory model both are appropriate because there is no difference when it comes to costs, outcomes and cost projections D. All of the above E. A and B onlyA literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT, as well as identifies what is known and what is not known in the evidence. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Question Paper and Literature Evaluation Table assignments to develop a review (750-1,000 words) that includes the following sections: Title page Introduction section A comparison of research questions A comparison of sample populations A comparison of the limitations of the study A conclusion section, incorporating recommendations for further research