People once believed all microbial diseases would be controlled by the twenty-first century. Name at least two emerging infectious diseases. List three reasons why we are identifying new diseases now.
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People once believed all microbial diseases would be controlled by the twenty-first century. Name at least two emerging infectious diseases. List three reasons why we are identifying new diseases now.
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- Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in health care settings fall under which category of organisms? O 1) Normal flora O 2) True pathogens O 3) opportunists 3) O 4) NosocomialIn terms of microbial pathogenicity, molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that show: A microbe is the aetiological agent of a disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to immunity to a disease A mutation does not contribute to diseaseWhich of the following is NOT true about Koch's postulates? First developed by Robert Koch, the pioneering German microbiologist In the first step, the microbe that causes a naturally occurring disease is cultured from a "wild" (non-laboratory) animal which has that disease None of the other four answers (All are true about Koch's Postulates) They represent a process for showing a causal association between a specific microbe and a disease If the same microbe from a diseased "wild" (non-laboratory) host causes the same disease in a lab animal and it can be cultured from that lab animal, this proves that the microbe is the cause of the naturally occurring disease
- Name three bacterial species that is contributing to advancing medical therapy and indicate each contribution.Why is international cooperation a necessity in the field of epidemiology? What specific problems can you envision if there were no such cooperation?Emerging diseases such as AIDS and ebola virus have only fairly recently become a problem because a) they only recently evolved b) means of immunization have recently failed c) humans have only recently come into contact with other species that carry these diseases d) practices of modern life make us more susceptible to such diseases Please answer very carefully.
- It was not until 1928 that penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Penicillin heralded the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever. Hospitals were full of people with blood poisoning contracted from a cut or a scratch, and doctors could do little for them but wait and hope. 1. What is the mechanism of action of penicillin? 2. Cells treated with penicillin do not die immediately, so how this antibiotic is effective? 3. Why penicillin is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria? 4. Explain penicillin resistance mechanisms among bacteria today and the causes why they gained this resistance and making this great life-saving drug not usable anymore.Which statements describe ways in which antibiotic resistant bacteria can spread? Health care workers become infected after have interacting with sick patients. Hospital visitors transfer resistant bacteria from patients to family or community members. Animals raised for meat or milk are routinely given antibiotics. Animal feces is used as a fertilizer for food crops. Antibacterial soaps are used at home, at schools, and in hospitals.7) Identify the most correct choice: a) The time required for a bacterial population to double is called generation time Ob) Nitrogen is required by the organisms mainly to produce ATP. c) Agar is a common food source for the bacteria. d) A colony is usually a mixture of various bacterial organisms. e) a and c
- Select all the statements that are true regarding the drug treatments available for infectious diseases.□ Antiviral drugs are harder to develop than antibiotics because viruses must use our cellular machinery replicate. □ Very few anti-parasitic drugs exist because diseases caused by Eukaryotes are extremely rare all over the world.□ Fewer drugs are available to treat Eukaryotic pathogens because their physiology and functions are very similar to our own.□ Development of antiparasitic drugs are a low priority because the diseases they treat tend to occur in poor countries, and drug companies can't make money.□ Antivirals may quit working because rates of viral mutation are very high.□ There are more antiviral drugs than atibiotics because antiviral drugs are very easy and cheap to make.Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases. a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent. b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be. c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease. d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted. e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…Which of the following would be the easiest to eradicate?a) A pathogen that is common in wild animals but sometimes infects humansb) A disease that occurs exclusively in humans, always resulting in obvious symptomsc) A mild disease of humans that often results in no obvious symptomsd) A pathogen found in marine sedimentse) A pathogen that readily infects both wild animals and humans