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Describe the relationship of the following term using short terms:
Negative selection
NK cell
Positive selection
Regulatory T cell
Sphigosine-1-phosphate (S1P)
Sphigosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR1)
Thymus
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- All of the following statements concerning regulatory T cells (Treg) are correct, EXCEPT: The regulatory cytokines produced by regulatory T cells are IL-12 and TGF-B O Thymocytes that recognize self-antigen in the thymus with a certain affinity become natural (central) regulatory T cells O In the periphery T cells that recognize self-antigen in the presence of TGF-B become induced regulatory T cells O A Treg cell can suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize peptides different from that recognized itself provided that the peptides are derived from the same tissue O A Treg cell can suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize peptides different from that recognized by itself provided that the peptides are presented by the same antigen-presenting cell (APC)Describes the relationship of the following terms using short terms: Adhesion Molecule(s)Anergic T cellAntigen PresentationAntigen ProcessingDescribe the differences in how an antigen presenting cells (APC) activate a Helper T versus a Cytotoxic T cell.
- Compare B cell receptors and T cell receptors for the following criteria: BCR TCR Tyrosine kinases Adaptors and scaffold proteins Phospholipases and lipid kinases GTPases, serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases Transcription factors, cytoskeletal changes, adhesion, metabolismCytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their T-cell receptor recognizes peptide:MHC on a target cell. One effect of this cytokine secretion is to enhance the ability of CD8 effector T cells to recognize and kill other infected cells in the nearby vicinity. This enhanced activity is due to: The increased production of perforin and granzymes by CD8 cells The up-regulation of MHC class I protein expression by IFN-g The ability of TNF-a to induce vascular leakage The effect of cytokines on promoting target cell apoptosis The effect of IFN-g to enhance viral replication leading to increased viral antigen presentationExplain in detail Increased oxidative stress in regards effects of ageing on the functionality of T cells. Give examples and diffrence effectes in age ranges. Provide A diagram/schematic.
- Which two events are required to activate a cytotoxic T cell? There is more than one answer. O Class II MHC molecules present extracellular antigen for binding on a complementary cytotoxic T cell receptor. O IL-4 is released by a TH1 cell to be bound by a cytotoxic T cell. O Class I MHC molecules presents intracellular antigen for binding on a complementary cytotoxic T cell receptor O IL-2 is released by a TH1 cell to be bound by a cytotoxic T cell.Determine if the following description should be categorized as Humoral Immunity (B-cell activity), Cellular Immunity (T-cell activity), or both (B & T-cells perform this activity). 1. Can create antibodies 2. Can destroy pathogens by secreting perforins 3. Is activated by a T-helper cell 4. Undergoes clonal selection 5. Has the ability to stop clonal selection 6. Must have an APC (antigen presenting cell) to be activated 7. Can be activated by pathogen in circulation 8. Migrates around the body in the lymph 9. Can create a tag of MHC proteins to alert body of infection 10. Creates memory cells to recognize the pathogen in the future 11. Stimulated by MHC class 2 APC cells only 12. Can activate the second line of defense by secreting antibodiesHow does the design of CAR T-cell therapies address the limitation of requiring 2 signals for full T cell activation?
- There are several important mechanisms for generating diversity in immunoglobulin and T cell receptors. Explain the similarities and differences in mechanisms that generates diversity in these receptors.Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like receptors have the advantage of recognizing viruses by interacting with their spike proteins TLR signaling includes NF-kB pathways to induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines TLR binds to dsDNA or ssRNA to induce interferon gene expression PRR induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have local and systemic effects PRR induces innate immunity; phagocytosis, inflammation, type I interferon production, and regulate adaptive immunity; DC maturation, costimulatory molecules, type I interferonMatch the type or cause of clonal expansion with the correct situation. Use each choice just one time and make the best match. Clonal expansion of B cells because the cells are infected with EBV Clonal expansion of B-cells because these B-cells have B Cell Receptors that recognize a non-self antigen Clonal expansion of T-cells that have a T Cell Receptor that recognizes EBV antigens A. normal adaptive response by the B cells B. part of pathogenesis of mono C. This allows the adaptive immune system to shut down active EBV infection