Most modern central banks engage in inflation targeting instead of aiming at some nominal level of GDP, some exchange rate level, or the unemployment rate. Most central banks choose a rate of between 2-3% annual inflation and periodically adjust interest rates via open market operations and discount rate changes.
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- Given the federal budget deficit in recent years, some economists have argued mat by adjusting Social Security payments for inflation using me CPI, Social Security is warming recipients. What is their argument, and do you agree or disagree with it?Under a credible system offixed nominal exchangerates...A.The Central Bank can adjustthe interest rate as it deemsappropriate for smoothingdomestic outputfluctuationsB.Domestic inflation will beapproximately equal to theinflation rate of the countryto which the domesticcurrency is peggedC.Public debt can bemonetised, i.e. viagovernment bonds boughtby the Central Bank againstnewly created moneyD.All of these optionsE.None of these optionsThere is currently a political and academic controversy whether or not stimulus packagesagainst the Covid-induced economic recession will cause inflation. Professor OlivierBlanchard has warned that the stimulus package of the US-administration may lead toinflation in the US. However, he does not see inflation dangers emanating from stimulusprograms in the Eurozone. The Next Generation EU program is not only considered to be a stimulus program but also tobe a growth program, which by spending on infrastructure and climate-related investmentsis expected to lead to an increase in potential output.Analyze in an AD-AS model the impact of economic growth on actual GDP and the pricelevel. Also elaborate on the role that an additional demand stimulus could play.
- There are two countries in the world, A and B. Suppose the central bank in country A has an annual inflation target pai = 0.02 while the central bank in country B has anannual inflation target pai = 0.03. In the long run, we would expect the nominalexchange rate of country A to appreciate against country B at a rate of about 1% per year.True or False? Explain.Given the unpopularity of inflation, why don’t elected leaders always supportefforts to reduce inflation? Many economists believe that countries can reducethe cost of disinflation by letting their central banks make decisions aboutmonetary policy without interference from politicians. Why might this be so?Suppose a researcher discovers that a measure of thetotal amount of debt in the U.S. economy over thepast 20 years was a better predictor of inflation andthe business cycle than M1 or M2. Does this discoverymean that we should define money as equal to the totalamount of debt in the economy?
- Suppose two countries have identical aggregate demandcurves and potential levels of output, and g is the samein both countries. Assume that in 2019, both countriesare hit with the same negative supply shock. Given thetable of values below for inflation in each country, whatcan you say, if anything, about the credibility of eachcountry’s central bank? Explain your answer.Country A Country B2018 3.0% 3.0%2019 3.8% 5.5%2020 3.5% 5.0%2021 3.2% 4.3%2022 3.0% 3.8%Suppose that a country’s inflation rate increasessharply. What happens to the inflation tax on theholders of money? Why is wealth held in savingsaccounts not subject to a change in the inflationtax? Can you think of any way in which holders ofsavings accounts are hurt by the increase in inflation?Consider two countries, A and B. In A, new technologies (e.g., mobile payment apps and cryptocurrencies) have been enthusiastically adopted by the population, thereby reducing the proportion ofincome that is held as real money balances. Over this period, no such changes occurred in B. Ifthe rate of money growth and the growth rate of real GDP were the same in A and B over thisperiod, then how would the rate of inflation differ between the two countries?
- (a) Calculate each of the following for Year 2. Show your work. (i) Real GIDP per capita for Arturia (il) Real GDP per capita for Ringberg (b) If Arturia and Ringberg have the same velocity of money in Year 2, which nation must have the higher money supply in Year 2? Explain (c) Calculate each of the following in Year 2. Show your work. (i) The inflation rate in Arturia (il) The inflation rate in Ringberg (d) Based on your answer to part (c), if the nominal interest rate is the same for both nations in Year 2, which nation experiences the higher real interest rate in Year 2? Explain. (e) Ringberg produces consumer goods and capital goods. While maintaining full employment, Ringberg decides to allocate more resources to the production of consumer goods. What will be the effect on the long-run economic growth rate in Ringberg? Explain. esc C 1 のSuppose a given country experienced low and stableinflation rates for quite some time, but then inflation picked up and over the past decade had beenrelatively high and quite unpredictable. Explain howthis new inflationary environment would affect thedemand for money according to portfolio theories ofmoney demand. What would happen if the governmentdecided to issue inflation-protected securities?E4 Controlling inflation is a more important policy objective than ensuring full employment’. Critically assess this statement.