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Mechanism of action of depolarizing and nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers (NMBs)
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- Define resting membrane potential and describe its electrochemical basis. Briefly discuss changes to resting membrane potential. Provide specific examples of how the 4 essential concepts relative to resting membrane potential or disruption of resting membrane potential.The effects of neurotransmitter binding are very brief. Explain.At the peak of the action potential, Vm is approximately -65 mV. Assuming normal intracellular and extracellular K+ concentrations (refer to the table), (1) calculate the driving force (in mV) that acts on K+ ions and (2) use the information obtained in part 1 to determine the direction in which K+ ions will flow (i.e., into the cell or out of cell)
- Both rhodopsin in vision and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in cardiac muscle are coupled to ion channels via G proteins. Describe the similarities and differences between these two systems.Explain why reticular fibers are also termed as argyrophilic fibers and lattice fibersSimilarities and Difference among ion-channel coupled R, G-protein coupled R, and Enzyme-coupled R.
- Why is it difficult to show vesicular release of neurotransmittermolecules by electron microscopy?The following concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions: [Na+]o = 120 mM, [Na+]i = 6 mM,[K+]o = 2 mM, and [K+]i = 150 mM. Assuming that the further at the peak of the action potential, PK: PNa is 1 : 12. Calculate (Vm) at the peak of the action potentialMyasthenia gravis is a disease that leads to a marked decrease in the number of acetylcholine (Ach) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. As a result, suppose only about 200 (instead of 2000) Ach receptor-channels are opened by each quantum of Ach. The Ach-gated channels that survive operate normally and each cause a depolarization of about 0.25 x 10-3 mV when open. The function of the presynaptic terminal is normal and an action potential will cause the release of 100 quanta of neurotransmitter. For a patient with myasthenia gravis, what would be the magnitude of the depolarization (in mV) associated with opening of one Ach-gated channel? a.) 0.25x10^-2 mv b.) 0.25x10^-3 mv c.) 0.25x10^-4 mv d.) 0.5x10^-1 mv e.) 0.5 mv
- Myasthenia gravis is a disease that leads to a marked decrease in the number of acetylcholine (Ach) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. As a result, suppose only about 200 (instead of 2000) Ach receptor-channels are opened by each quantum of Ach. The Ach-gated channels that survive operate normally and each cause a depolarization of about 0.25 x 10-3 mV when open. The function of the presynaptic terminal is normal and an action potential will cause the release of 100 quanta of neurotransmitter. Part a.) For a patient with myasthenia gravis, what would be the size (in mV) of a miniature excitatory post-synaptic potential (or that associated with one quantum of Ach)? a.) 0.05 mv b.) 0.25x10-4 mv c.) 0.25x10-3 mv d.) 0.5x10-3 mv e.) 0.5 mv Part b.) For a patient with myasthenia gravis, what would be the size (in mV) of the full excitatory post synaptic potential consequent to the entry of an action potential into the presynaptic terminal of the neuromuscular junction? a.) 70 mv…E. ACTION POTENTIAL Describe what happens in each phases of action potential and explain the following events in the illustration below. 3. Peak action potential +30 Repolarization Threshold of excitation -55 2 1 Hyperpolarization -70 Resting potential 4 Time [Enter description here] Membrane potential (mV)Action potentials are “all or none.” Discuss this statement with reference to specific types of channels (60%). Explain what determines the frequency of action potentials (40%).
