Martin commutes 4 hours every weekday in his combustion-engine vehicle to his job in downtown Toronto. Which of the following represent social costs of Martin's commute? Copyrighted material. Not to be shared. Martin's cost of buying fuel, car insurance and maintaining his vefcle The opportunity cost of Martin's time spent commuting to work Air and noise pollution The opportunity cost of other commuters' time who drive the same route as Martin. All choices given are examples of the social cost.
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- Wireless, high-speed Internet is provided for free inthe airport of the city of Communityville.a. At first, only a few people use the service.What type of a good is this and why?b. Eventually, as more people find out aboutthe service and start using it, the speed of theconnection begins to fall. Now what type of agood is the wireless Internet service?c. What problem might result and why? What is onepossible way to correct this problem?2.0 Star LEO 2.0 Lesson Details LEO Modules A myleo.rp.edu.sg//Quiz/TakeQuiz/StartQuiz?id%3Deb8469f1-47dd-eb11-8128-5cb901e2a85 Figure 1 Marginal Social Cost Py Marginal Private Cost 20 15 10 Marginal Private Benefit = Marginal Social Benefit 5. 100 200 300 Quantity Fill in the blanks based on Figure 1. a) Marginal external cost of Product X: $ b) Martinal external benefit of Product X: $ c) Private market price of Product X = $ d) Socially optimal output of Product X: e) Value of Py = $ P Type here to search 99An increase in globalization has lead to an increase in pollution, and this is a problem because pollution is seen to be the classic example of a This is a that individuals impose on others but do not pay for. O negative externality, cost O possitive externality, benefit O negative externality, benefit O possitive externality, cost
- Fish that swim in international waters are a common good that are freely available toanyone who wants to catch them, but this leads to the problem of over-fishing. At theheart of this problem lies an externality. Using appropriate diagrams andaccompanying discussion, show both how and why this over-fishing takes place. Inyour explanation, identify the source of the externality.In the Land of Purity, there is only one form of pollution, called gunk. Table 12.14 shows possible combinations of economic output and reduction of gunk, depending on what kinds of environmental regulations you choose. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the percentage reduction of gunk, and with the quantity of economic output on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between K and L, can you say which one is better and why? In the choice between K. and N, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is move likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice L or M? Why?A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
- Suppose a city releases 16 million gallons of raw sewage into a nearby lake. Table 12.8 shows the total costs of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits of doing so. (Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits.) Using the information in Table 12.8, calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this city. See Production, Costs and Industry Structure if you need a refresher on how to calculate marginal costs. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? Why not just pass a law that films can emit zero sewage? After all, the total benefits of zero emissions exceed the total costs.ANSWER LETTER A As a eco-tourism site, the Kubak crystal caves are renowned for their stalactites and stalagmites.The warden of the caves offers a tour each afternoon at 2pm sharp. The caves can be shown toonly four people per day without disturbing their fragile ecology. Occasionally, however, more thanfour people want to see the caves on the same day. The following schedule lists the people whowanted to see the caves on September 24, 2003, together with their respective times of arrival andreservation prices for taking the tour that day. Customers Arrival Time Reservation price Herman 1:48 P 20 Jon 1:50 14 Kate 1:53 30 Jack 1:56 15 Penny 1:57 40 Fran 1:59 12 Faith 2:00 17 a.) If the tour is “free” and the warden operates on a first-come, first-served basis, what will the total consumer surplus be for the four people who get to go on the tour that day? b.) Suppose the warden solicits volunteers to postpone their tour by offering increasing amounts of cash…ASAP plz Why don't people/stores make different decisions? Cost is a factor: a case of foam take-out containers costs $25, compared with $58 for paper and recyclable-plastics. How does this affect the firm's profit? Are consumers willing to pay more? Negative externality Consider the demand and supply given above. Suppose there is an external cost given by MEC=5Q. Find social equilibrium price and quantity. Draw a graph and label both private and social equilibrium.
- Use headlines from the recent news to illustratethe potential for conflict between self-interestand the social interest.Aiticle Link: https://bit.lv/3fbNtrFe The following graph represents the market for high-emissions cars. Answer this question assuming that the externality is not internalised. Price of high tmiiees vekides Secial Value Babetty high emistions vehiles What is the private value of the last unit traded (or the willingness to pay of the marginal buyer) in the market? P1 O P2 O P3 P4The problem of adverse selection in environmental economics refers to how, with poor information, consumers may choose environmental harmful products over environmentally friendly products. the cthical explanation as to why houscholds and producers choosc actions that lead to degradation of the environment. the failure of the property rights system that results in some of costs of production of one agent being imposed upon another agent with no compensation. d. how, with poor information, the market for pollution liability insurance may fail. how, with nonexclusive property rights, some individuals may choose to consume a product without paying for it. 1. a. b. c. c. Production of stcel requires the burning of coal and is associated with the emission of SO.. SO: causes acid rain. According to the Pigouvian method, allocative efficiency in producing stcel can be achieved by setting a tax equal to the marginal social cost of producing steel. b. 2. a. the total social cost of the damages…