Many of the physiological systems that we have discussed this semester have some component that relies on ATP. Describe THREE physiological systems that use ATP and the role of ATP in that system. At least ONE of the examples must be from plants.
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- A 70-kg adult human (154 lb) could meet his orher entire energy needs for one day by eating 3 moles ofglucose (540 g). (We do not recommend this.) Each mol-ecule of glucose generates 30 molecules of ATP when it isoxidized to CO2. The concentration of ATP is maintained incells at about 2 mM, and a 70-kg adult has about 25 litersof intracellular fluid. Given that the ATP concentrationremains constant in cells, calculate how many times perday, on average, each ATP molecule in the body is hydro-lyzed and resynthesized.Considering the chemicalequation of the aerobiccellular respiration whichmolecules does the cell needand which molecules does itliberate in the process?In the absence of oxygen, cells consume glucoseat a high, steady rate. When oxygen is added, glucose con-sumption drops precipitously and is then maintained atthe lower rate. Why is glucose consumed at a high rate inthe absence of oxygen and at a low rate in its presence?
- Using the set of data that follows, calculate how many of themolecules of O2 that were used in aerobic catabolism by JuliusCaesar are in each liter of atmospheric air today. All valuesgiven are expressed at Standard Conditions of Temperature andPressure (see Appendix C) and therefore can be legitimatelycompared. Average rate of O2 consumption of a human maleduring ordinary daily activities: 25 L/h. Number of years afterhis birth when Caesar was mortally stabbed near the RomanForum: 56 years. Number of liters of O2 per mole: 22.4 L/mol.Number of moles of O2 in Earth’s atmosphere: 3.7 × 1019 mol.Number of molecules per mole: 6 × 1023 molecules/mol. Amountof O2 per liter of air at sea level (20°C): 195 mL/L. Be prepared tobe surprised! Of course, criticize the calculations if you feel theydeserve criticism.Ouabain specifically inhibits the Na+K+ ATPase activity of animal tissues but is not known to inhibit any other enzyme. When ouabain is added to thin slices of living kidney tissue, it inhibits oxygen consumption by 66%. Why? What does this observation tell us about the use of respiratory energy bykidney tissue?Both H+ and Ca2+ are ions that move through thecytosol. Why is the movement of H+ ions so much fasterthan that of Ca2+ ions? How do you suppose the speed ofthese two ions would be affected by freezing the solution?Would you expect them to move faster or slower? Explainyour answer.
- Can the amount ofavailable energy in a giventrophic level be larger thanthe available energy in inferiortrophic levels? What does thatcondition means to theconformation of the energypyramids?When blue crabs living in full-strength seawater swell duringmolting, they take on the H2O that bloats their bodies from theseawater in which they live. They obtain some of the H2O bydrinking. In addition, data show that the activity of Na+–K+-ATPase in their gills increases as they start to swell duringmolting. This rise in ATPase activity suggests that the gillsincrease active transport of ions from the surrounding seawaterinto the blood of the crabs. How could this process help accountfor uptake of H2O?DRAW IT The graph here showsthe pH difference across theinner mitochondrial membraneover time in an actively respiringcell. At the time indicated by thevertical arrow, a metabolic poisonis added that specifically andcompletely inhibits all function ofmitochondrial ATP synthase. Drawwhat you would expect to see forthe rest of the graphed line, andexplain your graph.
- The Na+ /glucose symport transports glucose from the lumen of the smallintestine into cells lining the lumen. Transport of 1 glucose molecule isdirectly coupled to the transport of 1 Na+ ion into the cell. 1 Na+out + 1 glucoseout → 1 Na+in + 1 glucoseinAssume the following conditions at 37 °C: [Na+]in = 12 mM, [Na+]out =145 mM, [glucose]out = 28 μM, and Δψ = -72 mV (inside negative).(a) What is ΔG for transport of Na+ from outside to inside under theseconditions?(b) What is the upper limit for [glucose]in under these conditions?(c) Which of the two hypothetical symports shown below (A or B) wouldachieve the highest concentration of [glucose]in under the conditionsdescribed above? Briefly explain your choice. A: 1 Na+out + 2 glucoseout → 1 Na+in + 2 glucosein B: 2 Na+out + 1 glucoseout → 2 Na+in + 1 glucoseinThe abundant intercellular connections gab junction can be found in O diaphragm O Heart muscle O Skeletal muscle O Smooth muscleMake a concept map using all of the following terms: GlycolysisOxidation of PyruvateCitric Acid CycleElectron Transport ChainChemiosmosisGlucoseOxidative Phos.Substrate level phosphatePyruvateacetyl-CoACO2OxygenWaterreduced elec. carriers (NADH)oxidized elec. carriers (NAD+)High enerGy Elec.Low enerGy Elec.H+ GradientADP + PiATP