Lab 1.2-Phylogeny Construction and interpretation worksheet Goal: Working in pairs, reconstruct phylogenies of these members of a hypothetical family of flowering plants. The taxa (species, probably, in this case) are numbered. The taxon labeled "OG" (outgroup) is from another distantly related family. We use the outgroup to distinguish ancestral (plesiomorphic) versus derived (apomorphic) character states within the ingroup during phylogenetic reconstruction. 1). Determine the character states for the following six characters that are present in species OG, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18. Assign the character state found in the outgroup (OG) as a 0 and the alternative derived state a 1; use only two states per character. Example, Root width: 0= thin, 1 =thick 1. Stem width: 2. Leaf edge (shape): 3. Flower base (shape): 4. Flower orientation: 5. Petal color 6. Fruit shape (inset on card, on left) 2). Score each taxon using the 0 and 1 notation about and add to this matrix 1. Stem width 2. Leaf edge 3. Flower base 4. Flower orientation Taxon/Character Matrix Outgroup (OG) Taxon 5 Taxon 7 Taxon 15 Taxon 17 Taxon 18 9 do 100 8 5. Petal color 6. Fruit shape 03 3). Some characters has/have derived states that are shared by two or more taxa in the matrix. This type of character is called a synapomorphy (shared derived) and is the basis for building phylogenies. For each synapomorphic character, list the taxa that share it. 5 15 OG 8² ↑ 91°F 17 18 ^ J 7:07 PM 8/23/2023
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
Looking at the diagram on the right, answer the questions with the table on the left, don't copy anyone else's work, make sure your work is clear, it's a practice assignment, I just need a clear explanation for all the answers
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